J. B. Bury

{{Short description|Anglo-Irish historian and classical scholar (1861–1927)}}

{{Infobox scholar

| name = John Bagnell Bury

| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|FBA|size=100%}}

| image = JBagnellBury.png

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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|10|16|df=yes}}

| birth_place = County Monaghan, Ireland

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1927|6|1|1861|10|16}}

| death_place = Rome, Italy

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| workplaces = {{ubl|Trinity College Dublin (1885–1902)|University of Cambridge (1902–1927)}}

| education = Trinity College Dublin

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| notable_students = Steven Runciman, Norman Baynes

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| relatives = Robert Gregg Bury (brother), J. P. T. Bury (nephew)

}}

John Bagnell Bury {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|j|ʊər|i}}; 16 October 1861 – 1 June 1927) was an Anglo-IrishBrian Young, "History", in Mark Bevir, Historicism and the Human Sciences in Victorian Britain, 2017; {{isbn|1107166683}}, p. 181Bruce Karl Braswell, A Commentary on Pindar Nemean Nine, 1998; {{isbn|3110161249}}, p. ix historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman historian and philologist. He objected to the label "Byzantinist" explicitly in the preface to the 1889 edition of his Later Roman Empire. He was Erasmus Smith's Professor of Modern History at Trinity College Dublin (1893–1902), before being Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge and a Professorial Fellow of King's College, Cambridge from 1902 until his death.

Early life and education

Bury was born the son of Edward John Bury and Anna Rogers in 1861 in Clontibret, County Monaghan, where his father was Rector of the Anglican Church of Ireland.{{cite book |last1=Hepburn Baynes |first1=Norman |title=A Bibliography of the Works of J. B. Bury |date=1929 |publisher=CUP Archive |location=Cambridge |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgE9AAAAIAAJ&q=john+bagnell+bury&pg=PA1 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}} He was educated first by his parents and then at Foyle College in Derry. He studied classics at Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a scholar in 1879, and graduated in 1882.

He was elected a fellow of Trinity College Dublin in 1885 at the age of 24. Also in that year, he married his second cousin Jane Bury, who assisted him in his work, notably with her chapter on Byzantine art in the History of the later Roman Empire (1889); they had one son. In 1893, he was appointed to the Erasmus Smith's Chair of Modern History at Trinity College, which he held for nine years. In 1898 he was appointed Regius Professor of Greek, also at Trinity, a post he held simultaneously with his history professorship.Irish Times, 21 May 2008 In late 1902 he became Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge,{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Regius Professor of History at Cambridge |date=29 November 1902 |page=11 |issue=36938| }} and early the following year he was elected a Professorial Fellow of King's College, Cambridge,{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=University Intelligence |date=28 January 1903 |page=9 |issue=36989}} and received the degree Master of Arts (MA) (honoris causa).{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=University Intelligence|date=30 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36991}}

At Cambridge, Bury became a mentor to Steven Runciman (the medievalist), who later commented that he had been Bury's "first, and only, student". At first, the reclusive Bury tried to brush him off; then, when Runciman mentioned that he could read Russian, Bury gave him a stack of Bulgarian articles to edit, and so their relationship began. Bury was the author of the first truly authoritative biography of Saint Patrick (1905).

Bury remained at Cambridge until his death at the age of 65 in Rome, where he took his annual retreat since 1918.{{sfn|Whitby|2004}} He is buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome.

He received the honorary degree Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901,{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-glasgow-university-jubilee/131294008/ |date=14 June 1901 |title=Glasgow University Jubilee |page=10 |newspaper=The Times |publication-place=London |issue=36481 |access-date=2024-01-05 |via=Newspapers.com}} the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of Aberdeen in 1905, and the honorary degree Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from the University of Oxford in October 1902, in connection with the tercentenary of the Bodleian Library.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=University intelligence |date=8 October 1902 |page=4 |issue=36893}}

His brother, Robert Gregg Bury, was an Irish clergyman, classicist, philologist, and a translator of the works of Plato and Sextus Empiricus into English.

Writings

Bury's writings, on subjects ranging from ancient Greece to the 19th-century papacy, are at once scholarly and accessible to the layman. His two works on the philosophy of history elucidated the Victorian ideals of progress and rationality which undergirded his more specific histories. He also led a revival of Byzantine history (which he considered and explicitly called Roman history), which English-speaking historians, following Edward Gibbon, had largely neglected. In 1886–88 he published a series of articles on the Frankish domination in Greece. In 1892 he was among the first contributors to Karl Krumbacher's journal Byzantinische Zeitschrift.{{sfn|Miller|1928|p=67–68}} He contributed to, and was himself the subject of, an article in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. With Frank Adcock and S. A. Cook he edited The Cambridge Ancient History, launched in 1919.Doris S. Goldstein, "J.B. Bury's philosophy of history: a reappraisal." American Historical Review 82.4 (1977): 896-919. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1865117 online]

In 1913, Bury wrote A History of Freedom of Thought, a book from the freethinking perspective criticizing Christianity and the Catholic Church as being against reason.{{Cite book |last=Bury |first=John Bagnell |title=A History of Freedom of Thought |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1913 |pages=67 |language=en}} In response, Hilaire Belloc wrote an essay exposing numerous historical inaccuracies in the book,{{Cite book |last=Belloc |first=Hilaire |title=s:Anti-Catholic History: How it is Written |publisher=Catholic Truth Society |year=1914 |location=London, England |pages=12}} and accusing him of not doing original research, but simply "repeating what some other man of the same kind has said before him, and that other man is repeating something that was said before him."{{cite wikisource|title=Anti-Catholic History: How it is Written|first=Hilaire|last=Belloc|year=1914|wspage=18|page=18|publisher=Catholic Truth Society|scan=}}

=History as a science=

Bury's career shows his evolving thought process and his consideration of the discipline of history as a "science".{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Doris

|title=J.B. Bury's Philosophy of History: A Reappraisal

|journal=The American Historical Review|date=October 1977|volume=82

|issue=4

|pages=896–919

|jstor=1865117

|doi=10.1086/ahr/82.4.896}}{{Cite journal |last1=Whitney |first1=J. P. |last2=Bury |first2=J. B. |date=1927 |title=The Late Professor J. B. Bury |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020700 |journal=The Cambridge Historical Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1017/S1474691300001803 |jstor=3020700 |issn=1474-6913}} From his inaugural lecture as Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge delivered on 26 January 1903{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJIiAAAAMAAJ|title = An Inaugural Lecture: The Science of History Delivered in the Divinity School, Cambridge, on January 26, 1903|last1 = Bury|first1 = John Bagnell|year = 1903}}{{cite journal|title=Review of An Inaugural Lecture by J. B. Bury|journal=The Athenaeum|issue=3943|date=May 23, 1903|pages=647–648|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA647}} comes his public proclamation of history as a "science" and not as a branch of "literature". He stated:

I may remind you that history is not a branch of literature. The facts of history, like the facts of geology or astronomy, can supply material for literary art; for manifest reasons they lend themselves to artistic representation far more readily than those of the natural sciences; but to clothe the story of human society in a literary dress is no more the part of a historian as a historian, than it is the part of an astronomer as an astronomer to present in an artistic shape the story of the stars.

{{cite book

|last1= Bury

|first1= John Bagnell

|chapter= The science of history

|title= Selected Essays

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Y8AAAAIAAJ

|publisher= CUP Archive

|date= 1930

|page= 9

|access-date= 2015-04-01

|quote= I may remind you that history is not a branch of literature. The facts of history, like the facts of geology or astronomy, can supply material for literary art; for manifest reasons they lend themselves to artistic representation far more readily than those of the natural sciences; but to clothe the story of human society in a literary dress is no more the part of a historian as a historian, than it is the part of an astronomer as an astronomer to present in an artistic shape the story of the stars.

}}

{{cite book

|last=Stern|first= Fritz

|title=The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present

|year=1972

|publisher=Random House

|isbn=0-394-71962-X

|page=214

}}

Bury's lecture continues by defending the claim that history is not literature, which in turn questions the need for a historian's narrative in the discussion of historical facts and essentially evokes the question: is a narrative necessary? But Bury describes his "science" by comparing it to Leopold von Ranke's idea of science and the German phrase that brought Ranke's ideas fame when he exclaimed "tell history as it happened" or "Ich will nur sagen wie es eigentlich gewesen ist." [I only want to say how it actually happened.] Bury's final thoughts during his lecture reiterate his previous statement with a cementing sentence that argues "...she [history] is herself simply a science, no less and no more".

{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Doris

|title=J.B. Bury's Philosophy of History: A Reappraisal

|journal=The American Historical Review|date=October 1977|volume=82

|issue=4

|pages=897 (896–919)

|jstor=1865117

|doi=10.1086/ahr/82.4.896}}

Bibliography

The Odes of Pindar

The Nemean Odes of Pindar (1890){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nemeanodespinda01burygoog|title=The Nemean Odes of Pindar : Pindaros, John Bagnell Bury : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1890 }}
The Isthmian Odes of Pindar (1892){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/epinikoiisthmion00pinduoft|title=Epinikoi Isthmionikais. The Isthmian odes. Edited, with introduction and commentary by J.B. Bury: Pindar: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1892 }}

Rome

A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (2 vols.) (1889){{Cite web |url=http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bury/LateRomanEmpire01.pdf |title=A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Volume One |access-date=23 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703064014/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bury/LateRomanEmpire01.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bury/LateRomanEmpire02.pdf |title=A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Volume Two |access-date=23 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703064118/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bury/LateRomanEmpire02.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}
A History of the Roman Empire From its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (1893){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofromanem00buryuoft|title=A history of the Roman Empire from its foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.-180 A.D.) : Bury, J. B. (John Bagnell), 1861-1927 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1893 }}{{cite journal|author=Richards, F. T.|title=Review of A History of the Roman Empire, from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius by J. B. Bury|journal=The Academy|date=25 November 1893|volume=44|issue=1125|page=459|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030236816;view=1up;seq=475}}
[https://archive.org/details/imperialadminist00buryrich The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century, with a revised text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos] (1911)
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A. D. 802–867) (1912){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeastern00buryuoft|title=A history of the Eastern Roman empire from the fall of Irene to the accession of Basil I., A.D. 802-867 : Bury, J. B. (John Bagnell), 1861-1927: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1912 }}
A History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (1923){{Cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html|title=LacusCurtius • J. B. Bury's History of the Later Roman Empire|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}
The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians (1928){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheInvasionOfEuropeByTheBarbarians|title=The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians : J. B. Bury: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive}}{{cite journal|author=Thorndike, Lynn|author-link=Lynn Thorndike|title=Review of The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians by J. B. Bury|journal=The American Historical Review|date=April 1929|volume=34|issue=3|pages=564–566|jstor=1836287|doi=10.2307/1836287}}
The Life of St. Patrick and His place in History (1905){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofstpatrickh00buryuoft|title=The life of St. Patrick and his place in history : Bury, J. B. (John Bagnell), 1861-1927: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1905 }}
History of the Papacy in the 19th Century (1864–1878) (1930)
Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil (1911)

Greece

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great (1900){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfGreeceToTheDeathOfAlexanderTheGreat|title=A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great: J. B. Bury: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive}}
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures) (1909){{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekhist010307mbp|title=The Ancient Greek Historians Harvard Lectures Harvard Lectures: J. B. Bury: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1909 }}
The Hellenistic Age: Aspects of Hellenistic Civilization (1923), with E. A. Barber, Edwyn Bevan, and W. W. Tarn{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/hellenisticageas00buryuoft|title=The Hellenistic age; aspects of Hellenistic civilization treated by J.B. Bury [ and others] : Bury, J. B. (John Bagnell), 1861-1927: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive| year=1923 }}

Philosophical

A History of Freedom of Thought (1913){{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10684|title=A History of Freedom of Thought|first=J. B. (John Bagnell)|last=Bury|date=1 January 2004|via=Project Gutenberg}}
The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth (1920){{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4557|title=The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth|first=J. B. (John Bagnell)|last=Bury|date=1 October 2003|via=Project Gutenberg}}

=As editor=

Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (7 Editions: November 1898–1925) – [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php?title=1681 2ND American edition at Online Library of Liberty in 12 volumes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927143035/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle%3D1681 |date=27 September 2013 }}
J.B. Bury, ed., 2 volumes, 4TH Edition (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914) [https://archive.org/details/TheDeclineTheFallOfTheRomanEmpireVindicationAutobiiography Volume 1] [https://archive.org/stream/TheDeclineTheFallOfTheRomanEmpireVindicationAutobiiography/1%20Introductions%2C%20Bibliography%2C%20Appendices%2C%20Indices%2C%20%26%20Errata#mode/2up Volume 2]
Edward Augustus Freeman, Freeman's Historical Geography of Europe (third edition, 1903)
Edward Augustus Freeman, The Atlas To Freeman's Historical Geography (third edition, 1903)

Notes

References

{{citation |last=Andrews |first=Helen |chapter=Bury, John Bagnell |title=Dictionary of Irish Biography |date=2009 |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/bury-john-bagnell-a1220 |doi=10.3318/dib.001220.v1}}
{{citation |last=Miller |first=William |author-link=William Miller (historian) |title=John Bagnell Bury |journal=English Historical Review |volume=43 |year=1928 |pages=67–68 |doi=10.1093/ehr/xliii.clxix.66}}
{{cite ODNB |last=Whitby |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Whitby |chapter=Bury, John Bagnell |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32202}}