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Jacaranda

{{Short description|Genus of trees}}

{{about|the plant genus|the tree in the genus commonly called Jacaranda|Jacaranda mimosifolia|the rosewood|Dalbergia nigra|other uses}}

{{automatic taxobox

|image = Jacaranda_cuspidifolia_flower.jpg

|image_caption = A flower of Jacaranda mimosifolia

|taxon = Jacaranda

|authority = Juss.

|type_species=Jacaranda mimosifolia

|synonyms = * Digomphia Benth.

  • Etorloba Raf.
  • Icaranda Pers.
  • Kordelestris H.Kost.
  • Nematopogon (DC.) Bureau & K.Schum.
  • Pteropodium DC.
  • Rafinesquia Raf.

}}

Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas{{cite journal | title=Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae) | author=Gentry, A. W. | journal=Flora Neotropica | year=1992 | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=51–104 | author2=Morawetz, W. | jstor=4393739}} while cultivated around the world. The generic name is also used as the common name.

The species Jacaranda mimosifolia{{cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:130936-2 |website=Plants of theWorld Online}} has achieved a cosmopolitan distribution due to introductions, to the extent that it has entered popular culture. It can be found growing wild in Central America, the Caribbean, Spain, Portugal, southern and northern Africa, China, Australia, Rwanda and Cyprus.

Etymology

The name is of South American (more specifically Tupi-Guarani) origin either meaning fragrant,{{cite web|url=http://mediambient.itineraris.bcn.cat/en/node/259/365|title=Jacaranda mimosifolia - Parcs i Jardins - Itineraris|work=bcn.cat}} y-acã-ratã meaning "heartwood"{{cite book|author-link=Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio|first=Teodoro|last= Sampaio|url=https://bdor.sibi.ufrj.br/handle/doc/429|title= O tupi na geografia nacional|page=263}} or ya'kãg rã'ta "hard-headed".{{cite website|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/jacaranda |title=jacaranda|website=Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa|publisher=Porto Editora}} The word jacaranda was described in A supplement to Mr. Chambers's Cyclopædia, 1st ed., (1753) as "a name given by some authors to the tree the wood of which is the log-wood, used in dyeing and medicine" and as being of Tupi-Guarani origin,Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Ed. (1989){{cite web| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=j&allowed_in_frame=0|title= Jacaranda|publisher= Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2012-03-07}} by way of Portuguese.{{cite web| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jacaranda|title= Jacaranda

|publisher= Merriam Webster |access-date=2012-03-07}} Although not consistent with the Guarani source, one common pronunciation of the name in English is given by {{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|æ|k|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|d|ə}}.{{cite book | last1 = Wells | first1 = John C. | author-link1 = John C. Wells | title = Longman Pronunciation Dictionary | chapter = jacaranda | publisher = Pearson Longman | year = 2009 | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4058-8118-0}}

Description

The species are shrubs to large trees ranging in size from {{convert|20|to|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The leaves are bipinnate in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The flowers are produced in conspicuous large panicles, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue corolla; a few species have white flowers. The fruit is an oblong to oval flattened capsule containing numerous slender seeds. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a staminode that is longer than the stamens, tricolpate pollen, and a chromosome number of 18.

Taxonomy

The genus is divided into two sections, sect. Monolobos and sect. Dilobos DC., based on the number of thecae on the anthers. Sect. Monolobos has 18 species and is found primarily in western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Sect. Dilobos, which is believed to be the primitive form, has 31 species and is found primarily in southeastern Brazil including the Paraná River valley. The anatomy of the wood in the two sections also differs. Although usually treated in sect. Monolobos, J. copaia differs somewhat from all other members of the genus and may be intermediate between the two sections (Dos Santos & Miller 1997).

= Species =

Sect. Monolobos

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Sect. Dilobos

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{{div col end}}

Cultivation

Image:Jacaranda seedling.png

Jacaranda can be propagated from grafting, cuttings, and seeds, though plants grown from seeds take a long time to bloom. Jacaranda grows in well-drained soil and tolerates drought and brief spells of frost and freeze.{{cite web|url=http://www.thelovelyplants.com/jacaranda-tree/|title=Jacaranda Tree|work=The Lovely Plants|access-date=2010-10-05|archive-date=2015-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225190539/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/jacaranda-tree/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wikilawn.com/drought-tolerant-plants/jacaranda-tree/ |title=Jacaranda Tree |website=www.wikilawn.com |access-date=13 May 2020}}

This genus thrives in full sun and sandy soils, which explains their abundance in warmer climates. Mature plants can survive in colder climates down to {{convert|-7|C|F}}; however, they may not bloom as profusely. Younger plants are more fragile and may not survive in colder climates when temperatures drop below freezing.

Uses

Several species are widely grown as ornamental plants throughout the subtropical regions of the world, valued for their intense flower displays. The most often seen is the blue jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia; syn. J. acutifolia hort. non Bonpl.). Other members of the genus are also commercially important; for example the Copaia (Jacaranda copaia) is important for its timber because of its exceptionally long bole.

Gallery

File:Jacaranda ulei flower.jpg|Flowers of Jacaranda ulei

File:Jacaranda seeds.jpg|Jacaranda seeds

File:Jacaranda255.jpg|Jacaranda mimosifolia trees in full bloom in Islamabad, Pakistan

File:JacarandaTreeIndia.jpg|Jacaranda tree blooming in India

File:Avenida Figueroa Alcorta - floración de jacarandá.jpg|Jacaranda trees in bloom in Buenos Aires, Argentina

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

  • {{Commons category inline}}
  • {{Wikispecies inline}}
  • Dos Santos, G., & Miller, R. B. (1997). "[http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/santo97a.pdf Wood anatomy of Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae): Systematic relationships in sections Monolobos and Dilobos as suggested by twig and stem rays]" (PDF file). IAWA Journal 18: 369–383. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522073540/https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/santo97a.pdf |date=2019-05-22 }}.
  • [http://goodnajacarandafestival.com/ Goodna Jacaranda Festival at Evan Marginson Park, Goodna]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154636/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1011 Agroforestry Tree Database]
  • [http://www.jacarandafestival.org.au/ Jacaranda Festival, Grafton]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223739/http://www.jacarandafestival.org.au/ |date=2010-09-21 }}

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Category:Bignoniaceae genera

Category:Flora of Brazil

Category:Flora of Mexico

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Trees of Argentina

Category:Trees of Australia

Category:Trees of Brazil

Category:Trees of Northern America