Jagjivan Ram

Jagjivan Ram was born on April 5, 1908 in Chandwa village near Ara, the headquarters of Shahabad district of Bengal Presidency (now Bhojpur (Ara) district of Bihar) into a family belonging to the chamar community.{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Er Rajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/LIFE_AND_IDEOLOGY_OF_JAGJIVAN_RAM.html?id=w_jTEAAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=LIFE AND IDEOLOGY OF JAGJIVAN RAM |publisher=REDSHINE Publication |isbn=978-81-19070-37-4 |pages=1 |language=en}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40348689.html |title = INDIEN : In den Staub - DER SPIEGEL 35/1979| newspaper=Der Spiegel | date=26 August 1979 }} He had an elder brother, Sant Lal, and three sisters. His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army, posted at Peshawar, but later resigned due to some differences, and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there. He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect, and being skilled in calligraphy, illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally.{{cite book |title= Jagjivan Ram: The Harijan Leader|last= Bakshi|first=S. R.|year=1992|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn=81-7041-496-2|pages=1–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9td-jPgcIwC&q=Jagjivan+Ram&pg=PP1 }}

Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914. Upon the premature death of his father, Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation. He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920, where the medium of instruction was English for the first time, and joined Arrah Town School in 1922. It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time, yet remained unfazed. An often cited incident occurred in this school; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school, one for Hindus and another for Muslims. Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot, and because he was from an untouchable class, the matter was reported to the Principal, who placed a third pot for dalits in the school. Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest, until the Principal decided against placing the third pot.[http://babujagjivanram.com/PROFILE_Babu_Jagjvan_Ram_n.pdf Profile Jagjivan Ram:Early life] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409163027/http://babujagjivanram.com/PROFILE_Babu_Jagjvan_Ram_n.pdf |date=9 April 2011 }} A turning point in his life came in 1925, when Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school, and impressed by his welcome address, invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University.{{Cite web |title=Our Inspiration - BABU JAGJIVAN RAM |url=https://www.inc.in/our-inspiration/babu-jagjivan-ram |website=Indian Congress |quote=Jagjivan Ram's biography by Indian Congress mentioning their studies.}}

Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1927, where he was awarded the Birla scholarship, and passed his Inter Science Examination. While at BHU, he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination.[http://www.rrtd.nic.in/jagjivanram.html Jagjivan ram] Research Reference and Training Div., Ministry of I & B, Govt. of India. As a Dalit student, he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers. A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair. Eventually, Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University. In 2007, the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness.{{cite web |title=Denied table, given Chair |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071101/asp/nation/story_8497983.asp|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130203223511/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071101/asp/nation/story_8497983.asp|url-status= dead|archive-date= 3 February 2013|date= 1 November 2007 |publisher=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |access-date=25 August 2009}}{{cite web |title=BHU News: A chair for late Jagjivan Ram inaugurated |url=http://www.itbhu.org/chronicle/archives/2007/10/index.html#001507 |date=August 2007 |publisher=IT-BHU |access-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309172021/http://itbhu.org/chronicle/archives/2007/10/index.html#001507 |archive-date=9 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}

He received a B. Sc. degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931, where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination, and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata, when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square, in which approximately 50,000 people participated. When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated.{{cite web |title=Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp050408.html |date=5 April 2008 |publisher=President of India website }} When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures, both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar. Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council. He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress, which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes, but also that he could counter B. R. Ambedkar; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937. However, he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505123715/http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52 Past Presidents]}} Indian National Congress INC Official website. He criticized Ambedkar as a "coward" who could not lead his people.{{Cite web | url=https://antiserious.com/learning-the-use-of-symbolic-means-dalits-ambedkar-statues-and-the-state-in-uttar-pradesh-dde0565173f1 | title=Learning the Use of Symbolic Means: Dalits, Ambedkar Statues and the State in Uttar Pradesh| date=18 April 2019}}

In 1935, he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables. He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress. In the same year he voted in favor of a resolution presented in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits;{{Cite web |date=1935 |title=All-India Hindu Maha Sabha, 17th Session Poona, December 1935, Full Text Of Resolutions |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/hindu-mahasabha-i-resolutions-reports-presidential-addresses-constitution-app-eals-etc-and |website=INDIAN CULTURE |page=4}} and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements. He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced India's participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940.{{cite news |title= Jagjivan Ram an example of development politics|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105023846/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2010 |date=6 April 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu }}

In the Constituent Assembly{{cite web |url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram |title=Jagjivan Ram |website=Constituent Assembly Debates |publisher=Centre for Law and Policy Research |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163244/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram |url-status=dead }} he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In 1946, he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet, as a Labour Minister, where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC&q=jagjivan+ram&pg=PA23|title=The success of India's democracy|last1=Kohli|first1=Atul|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521805308|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|page=37|author-link=Atul Kohli|access-date=12 September 2017}}

He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva, along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha,{{cite web

| url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/anugrah_narayan_sinha.htm

| title=Biography: Anugrah Narayan Sinha

|author=Kamat

| publisher=Kamat's archive

| access-date=25 June 2006

}}

his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation, and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO.{{cite book |title=Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Volume 14, Part 2 |last= Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru |year=1984|publisher= Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|page=340 }} He served as Labour minister until 1952. He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted India's constitution. Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946.{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Jagdish Chandra|title=Indian prime ministership : a comprehensive study|date=2002|publisher=Concept|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170229247|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QkxBhRU2-AC&pg=PR7}} Later, he held several ministerial posts in Nehru's Cabinet – Communications (1952–56), Transport and Railways (1956–62), and Transport and Communications (1962–63).{{cite book|last1=Haqqi|first1=Anwarul Haque |title=Indian Democracy at the Crossroads I|date=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7c6O2XlGwC&pg=PA114}}

In Indira Gandhi's government, he worked as minister for Labour, Employment, and Rehabilitation (1966–67), and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1967–70), where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure.{{cite book|last1=Brass|first1=Paul R.|title=The Politics of India since Independence (The new Cambridge history of India.)|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521453622|page=249|edition=2.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PR10}}{{cite news |title=Babu Jagjivan Ram Bhavan to be built |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040610400400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032629/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040610400400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2007 |date= 6 April 2007|newspaper= The Hindu}} When the Congress Party split in 1969, Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi, and became the president of that faction of Congress. He worked as the Minister of Defence (1970–74) making him the virtual No. 2 in the cabinet, Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation (1974–77). It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought, and Bangladesh gained independence. While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency, in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party, within the Janata coalition.

A few days before the elections, on a Sunday, Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi. The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby. The rally still drew large crowds, and a newspaper headline the next day ran "Babu beats Bobby". {{cite news | title=Emergency: Memories of the dark midnight | date= 25 June 2005 | work=The Hindu, Business Line | url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/06/25/stories/2005062501140900.htm}} He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister, from 1977 to 1979. Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet, he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977, but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan, who insisted that his presence was necessary, "not just as an individual but as a political and social force."{{cite book |title=320 Million Judges|last=Mirchandani |first=G.G. |year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-061-3|page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA178}} However, he was once again given the defence portfolio. His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979.{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Jagdish Chandra|title=Indian prime ministership : a comprehensive study|date=2002|publisher=Concept|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170229247|pages=39–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QkxBhRU2-AC&pg=PR7|ref=Deputy Prime minister}}{{cite book|last1=Mirchandani|first1=G.G.|title=320 Million Judges|date=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170170617|pages=95–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA95}}{{cite news|title=Niece vs aunt in battle for Jagjivan Ram legacy|work=Indian Express|date=20 March 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/niece-vs-aunt-in-battle-for-jagjivan-ram-legacy/}}

In 1978, explicit photos of his son Suresh Ram with Sushma Chaudhary were published on Surya magazine. This incident is said to have significantly damaged the career of Jagjivan Ram and contributed to the split of Janata Party.{{cite web | title=Original sting which split Janata Party | website=The Economic Times | date=2003-12-17 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/original-sting-which-split-janata-party/articleshow/363327.cms?from=mdr}}{{cite web | title=जब 35 साल पहले अगस्त में सामने आया था एक राजनेता के बेटे का 'नंगा सच'! | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2013-08-24 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/bih-pat-sex-scandal-of-jagjivan-ram-son-suresh-ram-suresh-ram-sushma-scandal-4355500-pho.html | language=hi }}

When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980, Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but the party won only 31 seats out of 542. Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress (Urs) faction. In 1981, he separated from that faction as well, and formed his own party, the Congress (J).Andersen, Walter K.. India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension, published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II (Feb. 1982), pp. 119-135

He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986, after over forty years as a parliamentarian. He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar. His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record.

File:U.S. President Jimmy Carter with Indian (L to R) Defense Minister Jagjivan Ram, Minister of Commerce Mohan Dharia, U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and Minister of external Affairs A.B. Vajpayee.jpg, U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, and Indian Minister of external Affairs Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]

• Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively.
• He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India.
• Union Minister of Labour, 1946–1952.
• Union Minister for Communications, 1952–1956.
• Union Minister for Transport and Railways, 1956–1962.
• Union Minister for Transport and Communications, 1962–1963.
• Union Minister for Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation, 1966–1967.
• Union Minister for Food and Agriculture, 1967–1970.
• Union Minister of Defence, 1970–1974, 1977–1979.
• Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation, 1974–1977.
• President of Indian National Congress
• Founding Member, Congress for Democracy party (aligned with Janata Party), 1977.{{cite book|title=320 Million Judges|author=Mirchandani, G. G. |pages=90–100|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7017-061-3}}
• Deputy Prime Minister of India, 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979.{{cite web |url=http://jagjivanramfoundation.nic.in/bio-2.htm |title=Babu Jagjivan Ram |website=Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation |access-date=4 July 2018 }}
• Founder, Congress (J).Andersen, Walter K. (1982) India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension, published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II. pp. 119–135

• He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983.[http://www.bsgindia.org/ Bharat Scouts and Guides]. Bsgindia.org. Retrieved on 6 December 2018.

After death of his first wife in August 1933 after a brief illness, Jagjivan Ram married Indrani Devi, a daughter of Dr. Birbal, a well-known social worker of Kanpur. The couple had two children, Suresh Kumar and Meira Kumar, a five-time Member of Parliament, who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009, and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009.

File:The Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh paying floral tributes at the Samadhi of the former Deputy Prime Minister, Babu Jagjivan Ram, on his 24th death anniversary, at Samta Sthal, in Delhi on July 06, 2010.jpg

The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial, Samta Sthal, and his birth anniversary is observed as Samata Diwas (Equality Day) in India. His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008. Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad.{{cite news |title=Confer Bharat Ratna on Jagjivan Ram: Naidu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042118/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2007 |date=6 April 2006 |newspaper=The Hindu }}{{cite news |title= Tributes paid to Jagjivan Ram |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083154/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 November 2012|date=6 April 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu}} Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973, and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary, his statue was unveiled on the university premises.{{cite news |title=Jagjivan Ram's services recalled |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410131204/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2009 |date= 6 April 2009|newspaper=The Hindu}}

To propagate his ideologies, the 'Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation' has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice, Govt. of India in Delhi.{{cite web |title= A brief on Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation|url= http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/babujagjivanram.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410005917/http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/babujagjivanram.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= 10 April 2009|publisher= socialjustice.nic.in}}

The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram.{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,533,1011,1016|title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=12 February 2019}}

The first indigenously built electric locomotive, a WAM-1 model, was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway.{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Events/jagjivanram/|title=Reincarnation of WAM1 20202 Jagjivan Ram|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=12 February 2019}}

In 2015, the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, Yerawada, Pune. As of March 2016, the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada. The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade.{{cite web |title=The Need at iTeach Schools |url=http://www.iteachschools.org/the-need.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095617/http://www.iteachschools.org/the-need.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2016 |publisher=iteachschools.org}}

He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai.

• List of politicians from Bihar
• Dalit people

{{reflist|2}}

{{Refbegin|40em}}

• {{cite book |title=Jagjivan Ram on labour problems |last=Ram |first=Jagjivan |author2=Shachi Rani Gurtu |year=1951 |publisher=Ram }}
• {{cite book |title=Caste challenge in India |last= Ram |first=Jagjivan |year=1980 |publisher=Vision Books }}
• {{cite book |title=Jagjivan Ram: the man and the times |last= Sharma|first= Devendra Prasad|year=1974 |publisher=Indian Book Co. }}
• {{cite book |title= Jagjivanram: a select bibliography, 1908–1975|last= Chanchreek|first=Kanhaiyalal |year=1975 |publisher=S. Chand}}
• {{cite book |title=Jagjivan Ram: symbol of social change |last=Singh|first=Nau Nihal |year=1977 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan}}
• {{cite book |title=Four decades of Jagjivan Ram's parliamentary career |last= Ram |first=Jagjivan |year=1977 |publisher=S. Chand }}
• {{cite book |title=Jagjivan Ram And His Times|last= Ramesh Chandra |first=Sangh Mittra |year= 2003|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=81-7169-737-2}}
• {{cite book |title=Babu Jagjivan Ram in parliament: a commemorative volume |last=Secretariat |first= Lok Sabha |year=2005 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat }}
• {{cite book |title=Babu Jagjivan Ram |last= Maurya |first=Dr. Omprakash|publisher=Publications Division, Govt. of India |url= http://publicationsdivision.nic.in/Hindi-Roman/Au-Wise/HRB06.HTM}}
• {{cite book |title=Babu Jagjivan Ram |last=Dr.U. |first=Subramanian|publisher=Tamilvendanpathippagam }}
• {{cite web |title=Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp050408.html |date=5 April 2008 |publisher=President of India website }}
• {{cite web |title=PM's Address at Babu Jagjivan Ram Centenary Seminar on Agriculture |url=http://www.icar.org.in/news/Jagjivan-Ram-Centenary.htm |date=7 February 2008 |publisher=ICAR}}

{{Refend}}

{{commons category|Jagjivan Ram}}

• [http://www.jagjivanram.com/ Babu Jagjivan Ram, Tribute website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100409012621/http://babujagjivanram.com/ Babu Jagjivan Ram, Info website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202173551/http://jagjivanramonline.com/ Babu Jagjivan Ram, a Centenary Celebrations Special]
• http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163244/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram |date=15 June 2018 }}

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