James Carroll Napier

James Carroll Napier was born into slavery to William Carroll Napier and Jane Elizabeth Napier (née Watkins) who were both enslaved in Davidson County, Tennessee.{{cite web |last=Herbert |first=Clark |date=1980 |title=The public career of James Carroll Napier, businessman, politician and crusader for racial justice, 1845-1940 |url=http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/handle/mtsu/3793 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814232936/http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/handle/mtsu/3793 |archivedate=2016-08-14 |access-date=2016-04-07 |website=Middle Tennessee State University}} His father was mixed race, the son of his White master, Dr. Elias Napier, and an enslaved mother named Judy.{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Betsy|title=William Napier made a huge investment for his sons in an integrated Nashville he would not live to see|url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pith-in-the-wind/article/13063158/william-napier-made-a-huge-investment-his-sons-in-an-integrated-nashville-he-would-not-live-to-see|accessdate=7 May 2017|publisher=The Nashville Scene|date=18 February 2016}} The Napier family were freed by their master in 1848.{{cite journal|jstor=42626900|title=James Carroll Napier: National Negro Leader|first=Herbert L.|last=Clark|date=16 May 1990|journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly|volume=49|issue=4|pages=243–252}}

Napier attended a private school for free black children in Nashville until whites forced it to be closed in 1856.{{cite web |title=James Napier, businessman and more |url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/james-napier-businessman-and-more |access-date=2017-05-18 |website=AAREGistry}}{{cite web |last=Lovett |first=Bobby L. |title=Black Bottom |url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1565 |access-date=2017-05-18 |website=Tennessee Encyclopedia}} His moved to Ohio, a free state, and in 1859 and he enrolled in Wilberforce University, which was founded cooperatively as a historically black college by the AME Church and the Methodist Church of Cincinnati.

He later transferred to Oberlin College, the first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit female and black students in addition to white males. He left Oberlin in 1867 without a degree. While working in Washington, D.C., Napier earned his law degree from Howard University in 1872.

Napier returned to Tennessee and was appointed to serve as the Commissioner of Refugees and Abandoned Lands in Davidson County for a year. He moved to Washington, D.C. to serve a political appointment as State Department Clerk, the first African American to hold this office.

After receiving his law degree, Napier returned to Nashville to establish his law practice. He became influential in the city's African-American community. He was elected to the Nashville City Council and the Tennessee Republican Executive Committee.{{cite web |last=Wynn |first=Linda T. |title=James Carroll Napier |url=http://dsi.mtsu.edu/trials/napier |access-date=2017-05-18 |website=Trials and Triumphs: Tennesseans' Search for Citizenship, Community, and Opportunity. |publisher=Middle Tennessee State University}} Napier was elected as the first African-American president of the city council. He worked to hire African-American teachers for the Black public schools in the segregated system, and to organize the Black Fire-engine Company, to serve Black residents. Because of his work in Nashville and his association with Booker T. Washington of Tuskegee Institute, Napier had become an influential African-American leader.

In 1905, Napier founded a chapter in Nashville of the National Negro Business League, which had been organized in Washington D.C. five years before; Napier served as president of the local chapter. In 1904, he co-founded the One Cent Savings Bank (later renamed the Citizens' Savings Bank and Trust Company and still operating as of 2017).

Napier, Richard Henry Boyd, Preston Taylor, and others organized a strike against Nashville's segregated streetcar service that lasted from July 1905 until July 1906.Gatewood, Willard B. Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite 1880–1920. University of Arkansas Press, 1990. p. 242 {{ISBN|9781557285935}} Napier also presided over the Nashville Negro Board of Trade (now the Nashville Black Chamber of Commerce). He served on the boards of Fisk University, a historically black college located in the city, and Howard University. He also was instrumental in gaining legislative approval to found Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State College (now Tennessee State University), a historically black college. He later served on the board of the Nashville Housing Authority, the first black person to do so.

In 1911, Napier was appointed Register of the Treasury for William Howard Taft's administration. He was one of four African-American men appointed by Taft to high positions. They were known as the "Black Cabinet". He served until 1913, resigning in protest after Democratic President Woodrow Wilson broke with federal precedent to order racial segregation of workspaces, restrooms, and lunchrooms for federal employees of the Treasury Department. Wilson ordered similar segregation at the Post Office and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to appease Southerners in his cabinet. In addition, in 1914 the Civil Service Commission began to require photographs with job applications, a means to screen out African Americans.{{cite journal|last=Sosna |first=Morton| title=The South in the Saddle: Racial Politics during the Wilson Years |journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History |volume=54 |number=1 |date=Autumn 1970 |pages=30–49|jstor = 4634581}} In JSTOR

Returning to Nashville from Washington, D.C., Napier resumed his law practice.

While attending law school, Napier met John Mercer Langston, his wife Caroline, and their daughter Nettie. Langston was the founder and first dean of Howard University's law school. Napier married Nettie in Washington, DC, and she moved to join him in Nashville where he had established a law practice. They adopted a daughter, Carrie.

Napier was involved in extensive civic activities in Nashville. In 1910, he helped organize a Memphis, Tennessee chapter of Sigma Pi Phi, or Boulé, an organization of college-educated African-American men of high culture and status, along with Josiah T. Settle and some physicians in Memphis. The group said that "quality not numbers" was its aim for its membership.

After five months of illness, Napier died in Nashville, on April 21, 1940.{{cite web |date= March 2, 2008|title=J. C. Napier, 94, Dies on Sunday {{!}} Tennessean {{!}} April 21, 1940 |url=https://blacknashville.wordpress.com/2008/03/02/obituary-james-carroll-napier/ |accessdate=2017-05-18 |website=Black Nashville Genealogy & History}}

Napier was granted an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Fisk University. In 1970, the Historical Commission of Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson County erected a historical marker in the city to commemorate Napier's many accomplishments.{{cite web|url=http://photos.historical-markers.org/Tennessee/Davidson-County/TN-NSH040-James-Carroll-Napier|title=TN-NSH040 James Carroll Napier|website=Photos.historical-markers.org|access-date=2017-05-18}} The J. C. Napier Homes, a housing project operated by MDHA, the successor to the Nashville Housing Authority, is named in his honor.

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline|James Carroll Napier}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napier, James Carroll}}

Category:1940 deaths

Category:1845 births

Category:Tennessee Republicans

Category:Howard University School of Law alumni

Category:Oberlin College alumni

Category:Wilberforce University alumni

Category:People from Nashville, Tennessee

Category:20th-century African-American lawyers

Category:20th-century American lawyers