Jang Bogo-class submarine
{{short description|Submarine class}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image | Ship image = ROKS Park Wi.jpg | Ship caption = Chang Bogo submarine docked at Pearl Harbor during RIMPAC 2018 }} {{Infobox ship class overview | Name = Jang Bogo class | Origin = {{flag|Germany}} | Builders = *Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
| Operators = *{{navy|South Korea}}
| Class before = | Class after = Type 214 submarine | Subclasses = {{sclass|Nagapasa|submarine|4}} | Cost = *$373M per vessel (Nagapasa-class Batch-1, 2011 April) | Built range = | In service range = | In commission range = 1993–present | Total ships building = | Total ships planned = 15 | Total ships completed = 12 | Total ships cancelled = | Total ships active = 11 | Total ships laid up = 1 | Total ships lost = | Total ships retired = | Total ships preserved = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship displacement = 1200–1400 tons | Ship length = *{{convert|56|m|abbr=on}} (original)
| Ship beam = {{convert|6.3|m|abbr=on}} | Ship draft = {{convert|5.5|m|abbr=on}} | Ship propulsion = *4 MTU Type 8V396 SE diesel engines
| Ship speed = *{{convert|11|kn}} surfaced
| Ship range = *{{convert|11,000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}} surfaced,
| Ship endurance = 50 days | Ship test depth = {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} | Ship boats = | Ship capacity = | Ship complement = 33 | Ship time to activate = | Ship sensors = | Ship EW = | Ship armament = *8 × {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes
| Ship armor = | Ship aircraft = | Ship notes = }} |
The Jang Bogo-class submarine (Hangul: 장보고급 잠수함, Hanja: 張保皐級潛水艦) or KSS-I (Korean Submarine-I) is a variant of the Type 209 diesel-electric attack submarine initially developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) of Germany, intended for service with the South Korean Navy and Indonesian Navy. A Daewoo (DSME)-upgraded model of the Jang Bogo class Type 209 was exported by Korea to Indonesia in 2012, amid heavy competition from Russian, French, and German-Turkish consortiums including from Germany's original Type 209.{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Korea wins $1 bil. Indonesian deal |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2023/09/419_101248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911004714/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2023/09/419_101248.html |archive-date=2023-09-11 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=koreatimes |language=en}} The variant was considered for possible purchase by Thailand as well, as both newly built and second-hand options.{{cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Thailand Nixes Second-Hand U206 Submarine Deal But Stands up a Sub Squadron |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Thailands-New-Second-Hand-Submarines-06817/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729013934/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Thailands-New-Second-Hand-Submarines-06817/ |archive-date=29 July 2012 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Defense Industry Daily}} The class is named for ancient Korean maritime figure Jang Bogo.
Armaments
The Jang Bogo-class submarines are armed with eight bow {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes and fourteen torpedoes. The ships are also armed with Sub-Harpoon missiles and can be armed with 28 mines in place of torpedoes and Harpoon missiles.{{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony | title = Jane's Warship Recognition Guide | publisher = Harpercollins | year = 2006 | page = 384 | isbn = 978-0-00-718327-2}} The class is armed with SUT - Surface and Underwater Target Torpedoes.
Upgrades
The South Korean Jang Bogo-class submarines, originally based on Type 209/1200, had reportedly been heavily upgraded from a time early in the 21st century,{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/navy/chang_bogo_class.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523160507if_/http://www.military-today.com/navy/chang_bogo_class.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 23, 2007|title=Chang Bogo class - Patrol submarine|last=ARG}} which if properly undertaken was supposed to include domestic hull stretch augmentation from 1,200 tons to 1,400 tons, and installment of domestically developed Torpedo Acoustic Counter Measures (TACM).{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Navy-International-99/SOUTH-KOREAN-SUBMARINE-ARRIVES-AT-PEARL-HARBOR.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS|website=articles.janes.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tradekorea.com/e-catalogue/nex1future/product-detail/P00052097/Underwater+Weapon+System.html|title=www.tradeKorea.com|website=www.tradekorea.com|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219214903/http://www.tradekorea.com/e-catalogue/nex1future/product-detail/P00052097/Underwater%20Weapon%20System.html|archive-date=2014-12-19|url-status=dead}} These upgrades could have been affected due to Korean economic problems of the late 1990s, which affected other plans to acquire nine 1,500-ton AIP-equipped boats or upgrade six 1200 boats to 1,500-tons AIP-equipped boats,{{cite book | last = Kim | first = Duk-Ki | title = Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia: Geo-strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects | publisher = Routledge | year = 2000 | page = 30 | isbn = 978-0-7146-4966-5 }}{{cite book | last = Meconis | first = Charles |author2=Wallace | title = East Asian Naval Weapons Acquisitions in the 1990s: Causes, Consequences, and Responses | publisher = Praeger | year = 2000 | page = 229 | isbn = 978-0-275-96251-7}} although the more ambitious plan to acquire nine 1,800-ton Type 214 AIP submarines was preserved and put under progress, which will reportedly be wrapped up in 2018 when all submarines of the type are scheduled to be commissioned. Outfitting the submarines with Sub-Harpoon launching capability was a part of the upgrade, and this seems to have been properly carried out by 2002 on at least one submarine. By 2007, Na Daeyong and Lee Eokgi were demonstrated to have the capability.{{cite web|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/07/19/news/story10.html|title=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News|website=archives.starbulletin.com}} In the 2008 RIMPAC the submarine Lee Sunshin also demonstrated its sub-harpoon capability.[https://archive.today/20120716113355/http://kookbang.dema.mil.kr/kdd/ColumnTypeView.jsp?writeDate=20080919&writeDateChk=20080807&menuCd=2001&menuSeq=1&kindSeq=3&menuCnt=30912 RIMPAC Exercise and Republic of Korea Navy] By 2009 it was reported that nine South Korean-modified 1,400-ton Type 209 submarines were in service with the ROKN.{{cite web|url=http://www.seapower-digital.com/seapower/seapower_sample/?pg=52#pg52|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227095428/http://www.seapower-digital.com/seapower/seapower_sample/?pg=52#pg52|archive-date=December 27, 2008|title=Seapower - February 2008 - 52|url-status=usurped|website=www.seapower-digital.com}}[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/07/123_48078.html Indonesian Redtape Torpedoes Sub Sale Bid] As of 2011 they were reported to be 1,200-ton Type 209 submarines.[http://www.sagem-ds.com/spip.php?article948 Sagem to modernize navigation system on South Korea's KSS-1 submarines] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510074703/http://www.sagem-ds.com/spip.php?article948 |date=May 10, 2012 }}{{cite web|url=http://navy.mil.kr/english/sub_guide/sub_data.jsp?menu=3&smenu=3|title=알림메세지|website=navy.mil.kr}} They can equip the White Shark heavy torpedo,{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Torpedoes/White-Shark_a002651001.aspx|title=White Shark|website=www.deagel.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dcnews.in/news_list.php?code=society&id=613021&curPage=&s_title=&s_body=&s_name=&s_que=&page=1|title=South Korea's weapons story Domestic torpedo Great White}} and can possibly equip submarine-launched Hae Sung anti-ship missiles later on.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/haesung.htm|title=ASM/SSM-700K Sea Star (Haesung / Haeseong / Haesong)|first=John|last=Pike}}{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Hae-Seong-ASM-SSM-700K-Korea-South.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS|website=articles.janes.com|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-date=2012-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509202738/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Hae-Seong-ASM-SSM-700K-Korea-South.html|url-status=dead}} LIG Nex1 began producing TACM for unspecified submarine types of the ROKN as well, which finished development in 2000.[http://www.lignex1.com:8001/eng/business/business02_04_10.jsp LIG Nex1 TACM] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012000838/http://www.lignex1.com:8001/eng/business/business02_04_10.jsp |date=October 12, 2015 }} AIP and flank-array sonars are planned for future modernizations. The Jang Bogo class offered to Indonesia will already be in stretched and augmented forms including guided missile-launching capabilities and a surface displacement of 1400 tons, quite similar to the original plan to upgrade the existing Jang Bogo-class submarines of ROKN to similar specifications.
A science documentary by EBS reported that Jang Bogo-class submarines will undergo major generational overhaul and refit every eight to twelve years. The overhaul and refit involves periodic cutting, complete disassembly, and re-welding of the hull for the upgrade or total replacement of the submarine's old engines, navigational equipment, batteries, and other essential equipment with their modern counterparts. Hull stretch may also have taken place in some of the Jang Bogo-class vessels since the early 2000s, but it has neither been completely confirmed nor denied. Some Jang Bogo-class vessels are demonstrated to have sub-Harpoon launching capability when previously the class was lacking it. ROKN is committed to build and maintain a submarine force of 26 attack submarines until 2025, excluding small and midget submarines, though it is not clear how many submarines among those will belong to the Jang Bogo class.{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/02/~/media/Images/Reports/2010/b2367_map1/b2367_map1.ashx|title=Attack Submarine Deployments in the Pacific|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403055319/http://heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/02/~/media/Images/Reports/2010/b2367_map1/b2367_map1.ashx|archive-date=2011-04-03}} The oldest commissioned Jang Bogo-class submarine by then will be 32 years old.
Lithium-ion battery power stacks are being developed to increase the underwater endurance of Jang Bogo-class submarines by two to three times, offering four to five times the power density of Type 209's current lead-acid batteries and as much as twice the power density of Type 214's BZM 120 fuel cells.{{cite web|url=http://cfile279.uf.daum.net/image/1563B94F4DBD4E273553CD|title=Effectiveness of Lithium-Ion Battery Technology to ROK Submarine Force}}{{cite web|url=http://cfile295.uf.daum.net/image/120B76434DBD4F8216B0EB|title=Comparison of Lead-Acid Battery and Lithium-Ion Batteries for Type 209}}
Sales
In December 2011, DSME won a contract to build 3 1,400-ton Chang Bogo-class submarines for Indonesia at a cost of $1.07 billion.{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/22/ri-orders-3-submarines-worth-1b-regional-catch.html|title=RI orders 3 submarines worth $1b in regional 'catch-up'|first=The Jakarta|last=Post}} Construction of the submarines will start in January 2012 for delivery by 2015 and 2016, for commissioning in the first half of 2018. They'll be equipped with torpedoes and guided missiles.{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8625583&c=ASI&s=SEA|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121133901/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8625583&c=ASI&s=SEA|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-21|title=South Korea Exports Submarines to Indonesia}}{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/november-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1371-sagem-navigation-system-selected-by-dsme-of-south-korea-for-indonesian-submarines-.html |title=Sagem navigation system selected by DSME of South Korea for Indonesian submarines |date=November 25, 2013}} The submarines are described to be Korea's original model, bigger and more advanced than Indonesia's refurbished Type 209/1300. Initially the offered submarines were going to be in-service ROKN submarines.{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/Indonesia-South-Korea-consider-submarine-and-aircraft-exchange.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS|website=articles.janes.com|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-date=2012-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509202544/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/Indonesia-South-Korea-consider-submarine-and-aircraft-exchange.html|url-status=dead}} The sale will be done without the involvement of German companies.{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-germany-seek-submarine-sale-of-1-bln-2011-08-26|title=Hürriyet Daily News|website=Hürriyet Daily News}} South Korea is currently the only country outside Germany independently offering the Type 209 for sale. Indonesia was also offered two license built Type 209 submarines manufactured by a group of Turkish (SSM - Undersecretariat for Defense Industries) and German companies (HDW/ThyssenKrupp), a deal reported to be valued at $1 billion.{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-denies-losing-deal-for-indonesian-navy-submarines-2011-10-26|title=Hürriyet Daily News|website=Hürriyet Daily News}} SSM was also offering the leases of Type 209 submarines until new submarines could be completed. The offer has since been superseded by the DSME submarine contract. In early 2012, the Korean defense firm LIG Nex1 exhibited its latest suite of indigenously developed submarine sensors, submarine combat systems, and heavy-weight torpedoes and wire-guided torpedoes in Indonesia for potential use by the Indonesian Navy's submarine forces.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vlpq8u_P1Kk|title=Presentasi LIG Nex1.mp4|last=Batik Photography|date=18 January 2012|via=YouTube}}
Improved ''Jang Bogo'' class
In 2011, DSME signed a contract with Indonesia on for the supply of three Improved Jang Bogo-class submarines. These submarines will be equipped with Atlas Elektronik CSU 90 hull-mounted passive and active search-and-attack sonar and flank sonar arrays, Indra's Pegaso RESM system and Aries low-probability of intercept radar,{{cite web|url=http://www.indracompany.com/en/noticia/indra-to-implement-its-technology-in-indonesias-type-209-submarines-for-more-than-10m |title=Indra to implement its technology in Indonesia's type 209 submarines for more than €10M | Indra |access-date=2014-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219205210/http://www.indracompany.com/en/noticia/indra-to-implement-its-technology-in-indonesias-type-209-submarines-for-more-than-10m |archive-date=2014-12-19 }} L3's MAPPS integrated platform management systems{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapps.l-3com.com/newsletters/MCN22.pdf |title=Charting New Waters |access-date=2014-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192539/http://www.mapps.l-3com.com/newsletters/MCN22.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-02 |url-status=dead }} and Safran's Sigma 40XP inertial navigation systems.{{cite web|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1371|title=Sagem navigation system selected by DSME of South Korea for Indonesian submarines|date=25 November 2013|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194327/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1371|url-status=dead}}
The improved submarines are also known as {{sclass|Nagapasa|submarine|1}}s.{{cite news |last1=Rahmat |first1=Ridzan |title=Launch of Indonesia's third Nagapasa-class submarine delayed by silting {{!}} Jane's 360 |url=https://www.janes.com/article/86871/launch-of-indonesia-s-third-nagapasa-class-submarine-delayed-by-silting |access-date=12 April 2019 |work=Janes360 |date=26 February 2019}}
In 2019, South Korea signed another contract worth US$1.02 billion to sell three 1,400-ton submarines to Indonesia{{cite news |title=S. Korea signs contract to export 3 submarines to Indonesia {{!}} Yonhap News Agency |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190412004800315 |access-date=12 April 2019 |work=Yonhap News Agency|date=12 April 2019}} and would be supported through a loan agreement.{{cite news |title=DSME to deliver three more submarines to Indonesia {{!}} Jane's 360 |url=https://www.janes.com/article/87858/dsme-to-deliver-three-more-submarines-to-indonesia |access-date=12 April 2019 |work=Janes360 |date=12 April 2019}}
Incidents
On July 15, 2020 05:00 UTC, the Norwegian merchant ship Hoegh London (IMO 9342205) collided with an unknown South Korean Jang Bogo-class submarine near Gadeokdo Island, Busan, South Korea.[https://www.maritimebulletin.net/2020/07/17/norwegian-car-carrier-collided-with-korean-submarine/ Norwegian car carrier collided with Korean submarine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112203754/http://www.maritimebulletin.net/2020/07/17/norwegian-car-carrier-collided-with-korean-submarine/ |date=2021-01-12 }} Maritime Bulletin. Mikhail Voytenko. July 17, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.[https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20200819_0001135212 해군 잠수함-노르웨이 상선 충돌사고…'교신 오류'가 원인] (in Korean) Newsis. August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
Boats in class
| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" | ||||
| scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Type ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Pennant ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | Commissioned | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{KOR}} | rowspan="9" | Jang Bogo class | SS-061 | {{ship|ROKS|Jang Bogo|SS-061|2}} | center|1993 |
| {{KOR}} | SS-062 | {{ship|ROKS|Lee Chun|SS-062|2}} | center|1994 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-063 | {{ship|ROKS|Choe Museon|SS-063|2}} | center|1995 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-065 | {{ship|ROKS|Park Wi|SS-065|2}} | center|1996 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-066 | {{ship|ROKS|Lee Jongmoo|SS-066|2}} | center|1997 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-067 | {{ship|ROKS|Jung Woon|SS-067|2}} | center|1998 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-068 | {{ship|ROKS|Yi Sun-sin|SS-068|2}} | center|2000 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-069 | {{ship|ROKS|Na Dae-yong|SS-069|2}} | center|2000 | |
| {{KOR}} | SS-071 | {{ship|ROKS|Yi Eokgi|SS-071|2}} | center|2001 | |
| {{IDN}} | rowspan="3" | Nagapasa class | 403 | {{ship|KRI|Nagapasa|403|2}} | center|2017 |
| {{IDN}} | 404 | {{ship|KRI|Ardadedali|404|2}} | center|2018 | |
| {{IDN}} | 405 | {{ship|KRI|Alugoro|405|2}} | center|2019 |
Pictures
File:ROKS Nadaeyong SS-069.jpg|Republic of Korea (ROK) Chang Bogo Type 209/1200 submarine Nadaeyong (SS 069) surfacing during a SINKEX for Rim of the Pacific RIMPAC 2002.
File:US Navy 100707-N-7200S-207 ROKS Lee Eokgi (SS 071) leads a formation of U.S. and coalition forces during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2010 exercises.jpg|The Republic of Korea submarine ROKS Lee Eokgi (SS 071) leads a formation of U.S. and coalition forces during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2010 exercises.
File:ROKS Lee Sunsin (SS 068) arrives at Naval Station Pearl Harbor.jpg|The Korean submarine Lee Sunsin (SSK 068) arrives at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, becoming the first foreign vessel to arrive to take part in the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise.
File:Korean submarine LEE CHUN.JPEG|Sailors on board the Korean submarine Lee Chun stand at the ready, as they prepare to go pier-side in Apra Harbor, Guam. The Koreans are joining by other allied forces in Guam to participate in Exercise TANDEM THRUST '99.
File:Korean submarine Choi Moosun.JPEG|The Korean submarine Choi Museon makes its way past the United States Navy's {{USS|Helena|SSN-725|6}} ({{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine|4}}) and into the Sembawang port facilities in Singapore during Exercise PACIFIC REACH 2000.
File:US Navy 100608-N-3560G-001 Lee Eokgi prepares for Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2010 pierside at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii.jpg|The Republic of Korea submarine Lee Eokgi (SS-071) prepares for Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2010 pierside at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii.
File:Submarine KRI Nagapasa, Indonesian Navy.jpg|Indonesian Navy submarine KRI Nagapasa (403) during the annual armed force anniversary in Merak, Banten, 2017.
See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Modern German submarines}}
{{Republic of Korea Navy ships}}