Janthinobacterium lividum
{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Janthinobacterium_lividum_on_TY.png
| taxon = Janthinobacterium lividum
| authority = (Eisenberg 1891) De Ley et al. 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
| type_strain = ATCC 12473
CCUG 2344
CIP 103349
DSM 1522
HAMBI 1919
JCM 9043
LMG 2892
NCTC 9796
VKM B-1223
| synonyms =
- Bacillus lividus Eisenberg 1891
- Bacillus violaceus berolinensis Kruse 1896
- Bacterium lividus {{sic}} (Eisenberg 1891) Chester 1897
- Bacillus berolinensis Chester 1901
- Chromobacterium lividum (Eisenberg 1891) Bergey et al. 1923
- Chromobacterium violaceum Ford 1927
- Chromobacterium amethystinum Breed et al. 1957
- Chromobacterium violaceum Leifson 1956
- Pseudomonas mephitica Claydon and Hammer 1939{{cite journal | last1 = Kämpfer | first1 = P. | last2 = Falsen | first2 = E. | last3 = Busse | first3 = H. J. | year = 2008 | title = Reclassification of Pseudomonas mephitica Claydon and Hammer 1939 as a later heterotypic synonym of Janthinobacterium lividum (Eisenberg 1891) De Ley et al. 1978 | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 58 | issue = Pt 1| pages = 136–138 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.65450-0 | pmid = 18175698 | doi-access = free }}
}}
Janthinobacterium lividum is an aerobic, Gram-negative, soil-dwelling bacterium that has a distinctive dark-violet (almost black) color, due to a compound called violacein, which is produced when glycerol is metabolized as a carbon source.{{Cite journal|title=Violacein and biofilm production in Janthinobacterium lividum|pmid=17381742|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03155.x|volume=102|issue=4|year=2007|journal=J Appl Microbiol|pages=992–9 | last1 = Pantanella | first1 = F | last2 = Berlutti | first2 = F | last3 = Passariello | first3 = C | last4 = Sarli | first4 = S | last5 = Morea | first5 = C | last6 = Schippa | first6 = S| doi-access = free }} Violacein has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Its antifungal properties are of particular interest, since J. lividum is found on the skin of certain amphibians, including the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus), where it prevents infection by the devastating chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis).{{Cite web|url=http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2009/04/by-jenna-tabor-godwin-rhona-stuart-rosa-i-le%C3%B3n-zayas-and-chitra-rajakuberan--------janthinobacterium-cultured-on-nb-aga.html|title=Small Things Considered: What You Didn't Know About Janthinobacterium|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707095913/http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2009/04/by-jenna-tabor-godwin-rhona-stuart-rosa-i-le%C3%B3n-zayas-and-chitra-rajakuberan--------janthinobacterium-cultured-on-nb-aga.html|url-status=live}}
Etymology
The genus name, Janthinobacterium, comes from the Latin janthinus, which means "violet" or "violet-blue" + bacterium, which means rod or staff.{{Cite web |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/janthinobacterium |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207194905/https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/janthinobacterium |url-status=live }} The species name is also from the Latin, lividum, which means "of a blue or leaden color".Ibid.
Antifungal properties
This bacterium produces antifungal compounds, such as indole-3-carboxaldehyde and violacein.{{Cite journal|last1=Brucker|first1=Robert M.|last2=Harris|first2=Reid N.|last3=Schwantes|first3=Christian R.|last4=Gallaher|first4=Thomas N.|last5=Flaherty|first5=Devon C.|last6=Lam|first6=Brianna A.|last7=Minbiole|first7=Kevin P. C.|date=1 November 2008|title=Amphibian chemical defense: antifungal metabolites of the microsymbiont Janthinobacterium lividum on the salamander Plethodon cinereus|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1422–1429|doi=10.1007/s10886-008-9555-7|issn=0098-0331|pmid=18949519|bibcode=2008JCEco..34.1422B |s2cid=9712168 }}
Resistance to ''B. dendrobatidis''
J. lividum inhibits the toxic effect and growth of the fungal genus Batrachochytrium. This fungus causes a disease known as chytridiomycosis in amphibians. It is contributing to the massive declines of amphibians around the world, so understanding the uses of these bacteria has been of major interest.
A study conducted in 2009 explored the effects of Bd and the use of J. lividium in the lab for survival. The three experimental treatments were: frogs infected with Bd, frogs given the bacterium J. lividium, and frogs with the given bacterium and then exposed to Bd. Nearly all of the frogs exposed to Bd alone experienced mortality, while none of the other treatments had any deaths. This effectively introduced the use of J. lividium as a possible method for Bd prevention in the lab setting.{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=Reid N.|last2=Brucker|first2=Robert M.|last3=Walke|first3=Jenifer B.|last4=Becker|first4=Matthew H.|last5=Schwantes|first5=Christian R.|last6=Flaherty|first6=Devon C.|last7=Lam|first7=Brianna A.|last8=Woodhams|first8=Douglas C.|last9=Briggs|first9=Cheryl J.|date=1 July 2009|title=Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=3|issue=7|pages=818–824|doi=10.1038/ismej.2009.27|issn=1751-7370|pmid=19322245|doi-access=free|bibcode=2009ISMEJ...3..818H }}
Textile dyeing
The pigment produced by J. lividum is also being used to colour textile. The biodegradable pigment could be an alternative to synthetic textile dyes that contain harmful chemicals and heavy metals.{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingcolour.eu/|title=LIVING COLOUR – by Laura Luchtman & Ilfa Siebenhaar|website=www.livingcolour.eu|language=en-GB|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=8 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208134842/https://livingcolour.eu/|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jircas.go.jp/en/publication/jarq/34/2/131|title=Isolation of Bacteria Producing Bluish-Purple Pigment and Use for Dyeing|journal=Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly|volume=34|issue=2|pages=131–140|date=April 2000|last1=Kato|first1=Hiroshi|last2=Kojima|first2=Atsushi|last3=Hayasaka|first3=Shoji|last4=Hata|first4=Tamako|last5=Yasui|first5=Hiroe|last6=Tsukamoto|first6=Takanori|last7=Shirata|first7=Akira|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105436/https://www.jircas.go.jp/en/publication/jarq/34/2/131|url-status=live}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=11313&submit=Search Type strain of Janthinobacterium lividum at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Janthinobacterium lividum}}