Janus (spacecraft)
{{Short description|Cancelled NASA mission for asteroid fly-bys}}
{{Other uses|Janus}}
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{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Janus
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| image = Janus spacecraft.jpg
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| mission_type = Asteroids flyby
| operator = University of Colorado Boulder, NASA
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| spacecraft = Janus Serenity and Mayhem
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| manufacturer = Lockheed Martin
| launch_mass = 36 kg (×2){{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=JANUS|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details}}
| power = 2 solar arrays and batteries{{cite web |title=Janus A, B (SIMPLEx 3) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/janus.htm |website=Gunter's Space Page |access-date=30 April 2022 |language=en}}
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{{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
| acronym1 = ECAM-M50 | name1 = Visible camera
| acronym2 = ECAM-IR3a | name2 = Infrared camera
}}
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| programme = Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx) Program
| previous_mission = LunaH-Map
| next_mission = Lunar Trailblazer
}}
Janus was a planned NASA mission that would have sent dual space probes to visit asteroids chosen prior to launch.{{Cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=JANUS |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}} The mission was part of NASA's SIMPLEx program and was expected to be launched in 2022 as a secondary payload on Falcon Heavy together with the Psyche spacecraft, but it was removed due to delays with Psyche.{{cite web |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-continues-psyche-asteroid-mission |title=NASA Continues Psyche Asteroid Mission |work=JPL |publisher=NASA |date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022}} The mission budget was limited to US$55 million.
The mission was cancelled in July 2023 and both spacecraft were placed into long-term storage.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=NASA to Store Janus Spacecraft, Mission to Study Asteroid Systems – Janus |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/janus/2023/07/11/nasa-to-store-janus-spacecraft-mission-to-study-asteroid-systems/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}
Spacecraft
The two small 36 kg spacecraft —which fall under the 180 kg mass limit for SIMPLEx missions — will conduct stand-alone planetary science missions. The spacecraft is jointly developed by two teams, based at the University of Colorado Boulder (led by Daniel Scheeres) and at Lockheed Martin (led by Josh Wood).
Instruments
The Janus team planned to image the two asteroids in visible and infrared light, using the ECAM-M50 (visible) and ECAM-IR3a (infrared) cameras. These cameras were developed by Malin Space Science Systems and successfully used on the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission.{{cite web|url=https://www.universetoday.com/147938/nasas-janus-mission-is-going-to-visit-two-binary-asteroids/|title=NASA's Janus Mission is Going to Visit Two Binary Asteroids|publisher=Universe Today|date=23 September 2020|first=Andy|last=Tomaswick|access-date=17 June 2022}}
Mission
= Initial plan =
In 2020, NASA gave approval for the Janus mission to proceed to the next phase of development. The mission is managed by the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, as part of the Solar System Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The program conducts space science investigations in the Planetary Science Division of NASA's Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, guided by NASA's agency priorities and the Decadal Survey process of the National Academy of Sciences. Janus is led by the University of Colorado Boulder, where the principal investigator (PI) is based, which will also undertake the scientific analysis for the mission. Lockheed Martin will manage, build and operate the spacecraft.
After riding along with the launch of NASA's Psyche mission, the Janus twins would have separated and completed an orbit around the Sun, before heading back toward Earth for a gravity assisted sling-shot, each going their separate ways to the two asteroids, {{mpl|(175706) 1996 FG|3}} and {{mpl|(35107) 1991 VH}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-simplex-mission-to-send-smallsats-on-longest-deep-space-journey-to-date|title=New SIMPLEx Mission to Send SmallSats on Longest Deep Space Journey to Date|publisher=NASA|date=10 September 2020|access-date=1 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}
= Delay =
Because Psyche's launch date was moved from August 2022 to late September, new targets had to be chosen as Janus would have been unable to visit the initially chosen asteroids {{mpl|(175706) 1996 FG|3}} and {{mpl|(35107) 1991 VH}}.{{cite web |title=The delay in the launch of Psyche led to a revision of the objectives of the Janus mission |url=https://universemagazine.com/en/psyche-launch-delay-forces-to-revise-janus-mission-targets/ |website=The Universemagazine Space Tech |access-date=15 June 2022 |date=10 June 2022}} Psyche's launch was again delayed on June 24, 2022, to an unspecified date after the end of 2022.{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Sean |date=2022-06-24 |title=NASA Announces Launch Delay for Psyche Asteroid Mission |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-launch-delay-for-psyche-asteroid-mission |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=NASA}}{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=Psyche launch delay forcing revamp of rideshare mission |url=https://spacenews.com/psyche-launch-delay-forcing-revamp-of-rideshare-mission/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}} Janus was removed from the Psyche mission on 18 November 2022, after an assessment determined that it would not be on the required trajectory to meet its science requirements as a result of Psyche’s new launch period.{{Cite web |title=Janus Mission Removed from 2023 Psyche Launch Manifest – Janus |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/janus/2022/11/18/janus-mission-removed-from-2023-psyche-launch-manifest/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |date=18 November 2022 |language=en-US}} {{PD-notice}}
= Cancellation =
In July 2023, the Janus mission was cancelled "after considering the opportunities and requirements for alternative missions using the twin spacecraft, and the expected resources available to planetary science in the next few years."{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=NASA to Store Janus Spacecraft, Mission to Study Asteroid Systems – Janus |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/janus/2023/07/11/nasa-to-store-janus-spacecraft-mission-to-study-asteroid-systems/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}} The spacecraft will be stored in the event that future funding enables an opportunity to use them.
References
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{reflist|2}}
External links
- [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=JANUS NSSDCA Janus Mission Page]
- [https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-simplex-mission-to-send-smallsats-on-longest-deep-space-journey-to-date New SIMPLEx Mission to Send SmallSats on Longest Deep Space Journey to Date] at NASA
- [https://www.universetoday.com/147938/nasas-janus-mission-is-going-to-visit-two-binary-asteroids/ NASA's Janus Mission is Going to Visit Two Binary Asteroids] at Universe Today
- [https://www.lpi.usra.edu/sbag/meetings/jun2019/presentations/Hartzell.pdf Janus: A mission concept to explore two NEO Binary Asteroids] by D. J. Scheeres et at.
- [https://www.colorado.edu/today/janus-binary-asteroids Where no spacecraft has gone before: A close encounter with binary asteroids] by Daniel Strain at [https://www.colorado.edu/today/ CU Boulder Today]
{{Asteroid spacecraft}}
{{NASA space program}}
Category:Lockheed Martin satellites and probes