Japanese scientific misconduct allegations
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In 2010s, a series of separate allegations of scientific misconducts were raised involving several scientific papers from various Japanese universities.{{Cite web |last=Saito |first=Hiroko |date=January 9, 2015 |title=生命科学論文:「画像不正」ネット投稿 阪大や東大確認へ |url=http://sp.mainichi.jp/select/news/20150109k0000m040124000c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108232658/http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20150109k0000m040124000c.html |archive-date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |website=Mainichi Shimbun |language=ja}}
Shigeaki Kato
In February 1996, Shigeaki Kato, who had studied in the laboratory of Pierre Chambon, established his laboratory at the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology of the University of Tokyo. Kato was one of the most well-funded researchers in Japan and published many papers in prominent journals. From 2007, Kato and one former member of his laboratory taught research ethics at the annual meeting of the {{ill|Molecular Biology Society of Japan|ja|日本分子生物学会}}.{{Cite web |title=第32回日本分子生物学会年会 若手教育ランチョンセミナー2009 あなたのデータは大丈夫？ 正しい知識があなたを救う！ |trans-title=Luncheon Seminar for Young Scientists on the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan. 2009 Is Your Data Safe? Knowledge will save you! |url=https://www.yodosha.co.jp/jikkenigaku/mbals2009/dl.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523040956/https://www.yodosha.co.jp/jikkenigaku/mbals2009/dl.html |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2022-10-19 |language=ja |script-website=ja:実験医学online}}{{Cite web |date=2008-12-09 |title=2008年12月 日本分子生物学会 若手教育シンポジウム 記録全文 『今こそ示そう科学者の良心2008 －みんなで考える科学的不正問題－』 |trans-title=Full text of the proceedings of the Young Scientists' Educational Symposium of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan "Let's Show Our Conscience 2008: Scientific Fraud Issues for Everyone to Consider", December 2008 |url=https://www.mbsj.jp/admins/ethics_and_edu/doc/081209_wakate_sympo_all_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120114537/https://www.mbsj.jp/admins/ethics_and_edu/doc/081209_wakate_sympo_all_final.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-10-30 |publisher=Molecular Biology Society of Japan |language=ja}}
In mid-2011, the Kato lab withdrew papers published in The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 2004 and 2007 due to duplicate publications.{{Cite web |date=2011-06-17 |title=The new math: How to up your citations (hint: duplication). Plus a correction for Naoki Mori |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2011/06/17/the-new-math-how-to-up-your-citations-hint-duplication-plus-a-correction-for-naoki-mori/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022160257/https://retractionwatch.com/2011/06/17/the-new-math-how-to-up-your-citations-hint-duplication-plus-a-correction-for-naoki-mori/ |archive-date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Retraction Watch}}
On October 26, 2011, an extensive correction of the Kato laboratory's paper was publicly announced in Nature.{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Mi-sun |last2=Kondo |first2=Takeshi |last3=Takada |first3=Ichiro |last4=Youn |first4=Min-young |last5=Yamamoto |first5=Yoko |last6=Takahashi |first6=Sayuri |last7=Matsumoto |first7=Takahiro |last8=Fujiyama |first8=Sally |last9=Shirode |first9=Yuko |last10=Yamaoka |first10=Ikuko |last11=Kitagawa |first11=Hirochika |last12=Takeyama |first12=Ken-ichi |last13=Shibuya |first13=Hiroshi |last14=Ohtake |first14=Fumiaki |last15=Kato |first15=Shigeaki |date=2011-10-26 |title=Erratum: DNA demethylation for hormone-induced transcriptional derepression |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=480 |issue=7375 |pages=132 |doi=10.1038/nature10604 |issn=1476-4687 |doi-access=free}} The first author of this Nature paper is the former member who taught research ethics at the annual meeting of the {{ill|Molecular Biology Society of Japan|ja|日本分子生物学会}}. This correction raised suspicions among some researchers{{Cite web |date=2015-03-10 |title=論文不正は止められるのか ～始まった防止への取り組み～ |trans-title=Can paper fraud be stopped?: the prevention efforts that have begun |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/gendai/articles/3628/1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514140437/https://www.nhk.or.jp/gendai/articles/3628/1.html |archive-date=2019-05-14 |access-date=2019-11-19 |publisher=NHK |language=ja |script-website=ja:クローズアップ現代+}} and led to their discovery that 24 of the papers published by Kato's laboratory so far contained a large number of unnatural, highly similar images and traces of modification, as shown in the anonymous 2channel threads,{{Cite journal |last=Tanaka |first=Kazuo |year=2015 |title=インターネットにおける論文不正発覚史 |trans-title=The History of the Uncovering of Paper Fraud on the Internet |url=https://journal.skeptics.jp/journal24_tanaka.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Japan Skeptics |language=ja |issue=24 |pages=4–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401181613/https://journal.skeptics.jp/journal24_tanaka.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-01}} "{{Lang|ja|捏造、不正論文総合スレ 4}}" and "{{Lang|ja|捏造、不正論文総合スレ 5}}." 11jigen, a famous anonymous man who had accused hundreds of papers of research misconduct, then created blogs (Japanese{{Cite web |title=東京大学 分子細胞生物学研究所 加藤茂明グループの論文捏造、研究不正 |url=https://blog.goo.ne.jp/bnsikato |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031171023/https://blog.goo.ne.jp/bnsikato |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=goo blog |language=ja}} and English{{Cite web |title=Shigeaki Kato (the University of Tokyo) |url=https://katolab-imagefraud.blogspot.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031171022/https://katolab-imagefraud.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=katolab-imagefraud.blogspot.com |language=en}}) and a YouTube video{{Cite web |date=25 January 2012 |title=Whistleblower Uses YouTube to Assert Claims of Scientific Misconduct |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2012/01/whistleblower-uses-youtube-assert-claims-scientific-misconduct |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425051415/http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2012/01/whistleblower-uses-youtube-assert-claims-scientific-misconduct |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=Science Insider}} summarizing the points made, and in early January 2012, he sent a letter of accusation to the University of Tokyo. Another letter of accusation was sent by a journal at about the same time.{{Cite web |date=2013-09-02 |title=医療タイムス No. 2123 |url=https://www.molcom.jp/products/detail/78687/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102143623/https://www.molcom.jp/products/detail/78687/ |archive-date=2022-11-02 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=METEO Inc. |language=ja}}
On March 30, 2012, a Cell paper from Kato's laboratory was retracted.{{Cite journal |last1=Kitagawa |first1=Hirochika |last2=Fujiki |first2=Ryoji |last3=Yoshimura |first3=Kimihiro |last4=Mezaki |first4=Yoshihiro |last5=Uematsu |first5=Yoshikatsu |last6=Matsui |first6=Daisuke |last7=Ogawa |first7=Satoko |last8=Unno |first8=Kiyoe |last9=Okubo |first9=Mataichi |last10=Tokita |first10=Akifumi |last11=Nakagawa |first11=Takeya |last12=Ito |first12=Takashi |last13=Ishimi |first13=Yukio |last14=Nagasawa |first14=Hiromichi |last15=Matsumoto |first15=Toshio |date=2012-03-30 |title=Retraction Notice to: The Chromatin-Remodeling Complex WINAC Targets a Nuclear Receptor to Promoters and Is Impaired in Williams Syndrome |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=245 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.008 |issn=0092-8674 |pmid=22464333 |doi-access=free |last16=Yanagisawa |first16=Junn |last17=Kato |first17=Shigeaki}} The retraction announcement stated that the first author refused to sign his consent to the retraction.
At the end of March 2012, Kato voluntarily resigned from the University of Tokyo.{{Cite web |date=2013-07-25 |title=Forty-Three University of Tokyo Papers Are Tainted, Says Japanese News Report |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/forty-three-university-tokyo-papers-are-tainted-says-japanese-news-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184659/https://www.science.org/content/article/forty-three-university-tokyo-papers-are-tainted-says-japanese-news-report |archive-date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Science |language=en}}
On December 11, 2012, three directors of the {{ill|Molecular Biology Society of Japan|ja|日本分子生物学会}}, Mitsuhiro Yanagida, Fumio Hanaoka, and Keiichi Nakayama apologized for putting Kato in charge of research ethics.{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=緊急フォーラム「研究不正を考える—PIの立場から、若手の立場から—」 全文記録 |trans-title=Urgent Forum "Considering Research Misconduct – From the Standpoint of PIs and Young Scientists": Full text record |url=https://www.mbsj.jp/meetings/annual/2012/kinkyu_forum_record.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320105031/https://www.mbsj.jp/meetings/annual/2012/kinkyu_forum_record.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-20 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |publisher=Molecular Biology Society of Japan |language=ja}}
On July 25, 2013, a scoop article by Shigeko Segawa on the progress of the investigation was published on the top of the front page of The Asahi Shimbun newspaper.{{Cite web |date=2013-07-25 |title=東大43論文に改ざん・捏造疑い 元教授グループ |url=http://www.asahi.com/edu/articles/TKY201307240640.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031171026/https://www.asahi.com/edu/articles/TKY201307240640.html |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Asahi Shimbun |language=ja}} This brought the seriousness of the case to the attention of the Japanese people.
On December 26, 2013, the University of Tokyo presented an interim report on the investigation of Kato's laboratory.{{Cite web |date=2013-12-26 |title=記者会見「東京大学分子細胞生物学研究所旧加藤研究室における論文不正に関する調査（中間報告）」の実施について |trans-title=Press Conference: Investigation on the Misconduct of Papers in the Former Kato Laboratory of the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, the University of Tokyo. Interim Report |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/press/p01_251226.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020164113/https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/press/p01_251226.html |archive-date=2022-10-20 |access-date=2022-10-20 |publisher=University of Tokyo |language=ja}}
On August 1, 2014, the first round of the investigation of Kato's laboratory was reported,{{Cite web |date=2014-08-01 |title=記者会見「東京大学分子細胞生物学研究所・旧加藤研究室における論文不正に関する調査報告（ 第一次 ）」の実施について |trans-title=Press Conference: First Report of the Investigation into the Misconduct of a Publication in the Former Kato Laboratory of the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, the University of Tokyo |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/press/p01_260801.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020010129/https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/press/p01_260801.html |archive-date=2022-10-20 |access-date=2022-10-20 |publisher=University of Tokyo |language=ja}} which identified five papers as fraudulent and indicated that Kato ordered the falsification of experimental notes in order to avoid the retraction of the papers.
On December 26, 2014, the University of Tokyo released the final report of its investigation.{{Cite web |date=2014-12-26 |title=記者会見「東京大学分子細胞生物学研究所・旧加藤研究室における論文不正に関する調査報告（ 最終 ）」の実施について |trans-title=Press Conference: Final Report on the Investigation into the Misconduct of Publication in the Former Kato Laboratory of the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tokyo |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/press/p01_261226.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413044727/https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/press/p01_261226.html |archive-date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2018-08-16 |publisher=University of Tokyo |language=ja}} The University of Tokyo found fraud in 33 of the 165 published papers out of the total of 165 papers they had investigated. The President of the University of Tokyo disciplined himself.
Yuji Kohara, a former president of the {{ill|Molecular Biology Society of Japan|ja|日本分子生物学会}}, noted in the April 6, 2015 issue of AERA, "Even after reading the investigation report, we cannot determine the cause and process of why there was fraud, and we cannot take real steps to prevent recurrence."{{Cite web |date=2015-03-30 |title=東大で3人博士号取り消し 研究不正の闇 |trans-title=Three PhDs Revoked at University of Tokyo; Research Misconduct in the Dark |url=https://dot.asahi.com/aera/2015033000057.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018173133/https://dot.asahi.com/aera/2015033000057.html |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=AERA dot.}} On the other hand, Junichi Hamada, President of the University of Tokyo, said, "We interviewed as many as 100 people involved and conducted a careful investigation. It is unavoidable that it took time. To avoid libel in the event of a trial, we cannot speculate on matters for which we have no evidence."
2014–2015 anonymous accusations ("Anonymous A")
From the end of 2014 to the beginning of 2015, an anonymous accuser (who called themself "Anonymous A") posted comments on an Internet bulletin board{{Cite web |title=捏造問題にもっと怒りを |trans-title=Why there should be more outrage over scientific fabrications |url=http://scienceinjapan.org/topics/20130625.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025172659/http://scienceinjapan.org/topics/20130625.html |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |website=scienceinjapan.org |language=ja}} Almost all of Anonymous A's approximately 4,000 comments were deleted by the website's administrator in January 2017, but six comments pointing out the questionable 84 papers can be found in [http://docg.blog135.fc2.com/blog-entry-3091.html "Doctor G 3 のメディカル・ポプリ"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724162830/http://docg.blog135.fc2.com/blog-entry-3091.html |date=2019-07-24 }}). Some of the other deleted comments can also be viewed in the following archive: ([https://archive.today/20150118125943/http://scienceinjapan.org/topics/20130625.html January 6, 2015 11:59:18 UTC]); ([https://archive.today/20150115054800/http://scienceinjapan.org/topics/20130625.html January 15, 2015 05:51:11 UTC]); () [Japanese] created by {{ill|Shigeru Kondo|ja|近藤滋}}. This board had been created for the discussion of research ethics at the 2013 annual meeting of {{ill|Molecular Biology Society of Japan|ja|日本分子生物学会}}.{{Cite web |date=2013-12-03 |title=理事会企画フォーラム「研究公正性の確保のために今何をすべきか？」 |trans-title=Board Planning Forum, "What Must Be Done Now to Ensure Research Fairness?" |url=https://www.mbsj.jp/admins/committee/ethics/2013forum.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018173128/https://www.mbsj.jp/admins/committee/ethics/2013forum.html |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Molecular Biology Society of Japan |language=ja}} The Anonymous A's comments revealed that 84 medical papers published in international journals such as Nature from Japanese research institutions between 1996 and 2008 contained image data suspected of being fabricated. The accusation was immediately spread through Japanese web sites,{{Cite web |date=5 January 2015 |title=r3hso.pdf |url=https://infotomb.com/r3hso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012940/https://infotomb.com/r3hso.pdf |archive-date=6 Jan 2015 |access-date=8 Dec 2016}} and Japanese major newspapers and NHK began reporting from January 9, 2015.{{Cite news |date=2 February 2015 |title=阪大が論文不正ないか予備調査 - NHK 関西 News Web |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/kansai-news/20150202/5149751.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202114930/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/kansai-news/20150202/5149751.html |archive-date=February 2, 2015 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |work=NHK |language=ja}} The MEXT, Hirofumi Shimomura, revealed at a post-cabinet press conference on January 13, 2015 that a written anonymous accusation was also sent to them on January 6.{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2015 |title=下村博文文部科学大臣記者会見録 |trans-title=Press Conference of Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Hirofumi Shimomura |url=https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/11373293/www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/daijin/detail/1354358.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101155733/https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/11373293/www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/daijin/detail/1354358.htm |archive-date=2022-11-01 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |language=ja}}
Osaka University, where the largest number of papers, at 28, were identified, conducted a preliminary investigation of all suspected papers, except for one paper authored of a full professor who was formerly accused{{Cite journal |last1=Fuyuno |first1=Ichiko |last2=Cyranoski |first2=David |date=2006-09-01 |title=Mystery surrounds lab death |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=443 |issue=7109 |pages=253 |bibcode=2006Natur.443..253F |doi=10.1038/443253a |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=16988672 |s2cid=5300169 |doi-access=free}} and fired. The investigation denied suspicion in one paper, determined that seven papers were inadvertently misused, and terminated the investigation for the remaining 19 papers due to a lack of convincing data.{{Cite web |date=2015-04-08 |title=大阪大: 論文疑惑 予備調査27本の調査打ち切り |trans-title=Osaka University: Paper scandal: 27 preliminary investigations terminated |url=http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20150409k0000m040063000c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150409035623/mainichi.jp/select/news/20150409k0000m040063000c.html |archive-date=2015-04-09 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Mainichi Shimbun |language=ja}} The University of Tokyo published a document stating its conclusion only that it had determined that there was no research misconduct.{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2015 |title=インターネット上で指摘のあった論文の画像データに係る調査結果について |trans-title=Results of an Investigation Concerning Image Data of Papers Pointed Out on the Internet |url=http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/public/public01_270731_01_j.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901111308/http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/public/public01_270731_01_j.html |archive-date=2017-09-01 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |publisher=University of Tokyo}} Kyushu University's internal investigation found no admission of wrongdoing.{{Cite web |date=2015-03-18 |title=九州大: 論文5本に画像取り違えミス「不正行為なかった」 |trans-title=Kyushu University: Mistaken Images in Five Papers: "No Misconduct" |url=http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20150319k0000m040025000c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150318121515/mainichi.jp/select/news/20150319k0000m040025000c.html |archive-date=2015-03-18 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Mainichi Shimbun |language=ja}}
On May 19, 2015, a question regarding the anonymous accuser's findings was asked by Junya Ogawa, at the Japanese House of Representatives. In answering the question, MEXT Parliamentary Secretary Tomohiro Yamamoto stated that "64 papers, 17 institutions, 33 researchers" were reported not to be fraudulent and "23 papers, 10 institutions, 16 researchers" were still under investigation.{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2015 |title=第189回国会 科学技術・イノベーション推進特別委員会 第3号 |trans-title=189th Session of the Diet, Special Committee on the Promotion of Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 3 |url=https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_kaigirokua.nsf/html/kaigirokua/023318920150519003.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425140323/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_kaigirokua.nsf/html/kaigirokua/023318920150519003.htm |archive-date=2022-04-25 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}} In October 2016, Mitsuru Sakurai submitted a question to the Chair of the Japanese House of Councillors, pointing out that the investigation of the University of Tokyo into research misconduct was inadequate.{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2016 |title=東京大学の研究不正の調査のあり方に関する質問主意書 |trans-title=Questionnaire on how research misconduct should be investigated at the University of Tokyo |url=https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/syuisyo/192/meisai/m192008.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101155731/https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/syuisyo/192/meisai/m192008.htm |archive-date=2022-11-01 |access-date=December 6, 2016 |publisher=House of Councillors |language=ja}} He also uncovered information that the person in charge of the investigation at the University of Tokyo was a researcher who was close to the accused.
One JBC paper published by Kanazawa University was retracted on September 4, 2015.{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Weiping |last2=Luo |first2=Hong |last3=Nomura |first3=Takahiro |last4=Hayashi |first4=Naoyuki |last5=Yamashita |first5=Tatsuya |last6=Murakami |first6=Seishi |date=2015-09-04 |title=Oligomeric interaction of hepatitis C virus NS5B is critical for catalytic activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. |url=https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)44887-2/abstract |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=290 |issue=36 |pages=22310 |doi=10.1074/jbc.A115.106880 |issn=0021-9258 |pmc=5399519 |pmid=26341883 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923152646/https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258%2820%2944887-2/fulltext |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2022-03-20 |doi-access=free}} As of August 2017, fourteen papers in the journals, such as Nature,{{Cite journal |last1=Sakahira |first1=Hideki |last2=Enari |first2=Masato |last3=Nagata |first3=Shigekazu |date=2015-10-29 |title=Correction: Corrigendum: Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=526 |issue=7575 |pages=728 |doi=10.1038/nature15532 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=26416741 |doi-access=free}} have been corrected.
The same anonymous accuser also appears to have made allegations about other research papers in Japan.{{Cite web |date=2016-09-25 |title=匿名A氏がこれまでにネット上で指摘した'類似画像を含む論文' 111報 |trans-title=111 papers containing similar images pointed out by Anonymous A on the Internet so far |url=http://scienceandtechnology.jp/archives/10857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923153147/http://scienceandtechnology.jp/archives/10857 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2017-08-25 |language=ja |script-website=ja:日本の科学と技術}}{{Cite web |last=Husten |first=Larry |title=Suspicions Raised About Another Japanese Cardiovascular Researcher |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2013/05/10/suspicions-raised-about-another-japanese-cardiovascular-researcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141327/https://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2013/05/10/suspicions-raised-about-another-japanese-cardiovascular-researcher/ |archive-date=2022-08-28 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}} As of December 7, 2023, a total of 115 papers have been pointed out, and the corresponding authors of the pointed out papers include three Japanese Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine, one of whom was obliged to make an apologetic press conference.{{Cite news |last=Landers |first=Peter |date=2014-04-28 |title=Japanese Nobel Winner Latest to Apologize Over Stem-Cell Research |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-JRTB-16739 |access-date=2022-03-22 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}} As of December 7, 2023, five papers from major journals that were not mentioned in the 2014-2015 accusations have been corrected after being pointed out.{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Weidong |last2=Shiojima |first2=Ichiro |last3=Ito |first3=Yuzuru |last4=Li |first4=Zhi |last5=Ikeda |first5=Hiroyuki |last6=Yoshida |first6=Masashi |last7=Naito |first7=Atsuhiko T. |last8=Nishi |first8=Jun-ichiro |last9=Ueno |first9=Hiroo |last10=Umezawa |first10=Akihiro |last11=Minamino |first11=Tohru |last12=Nagai |first12=Toshio |last13=Kikuchi |first13=Akira |last14=Asashima |first14=Makoto |last15=Komuro |first15=Issei |date=2014-02-13 |title=Correction: Corrigendum: IGFBP-4 is an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signalling required for cardiogenesis |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=506 |issue=7487 |pages=254 |doi=10.1038/nature13003 |issn=1476-4687 |doi-access=free}}
Ordinary_researchers
Ordinary_researchers refers to an anonymous individual or group that accused research misconduct involving 22 medical and life sciences papers from the University of Tokyo in August 2016.{{Cite web |title=University of Tokyo to investigate data manipulation charges against six prominent research groups |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/university-tokyo-investigate-data-manipulation-charges-against-six-prominent-research |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Science |language=en}}{{Cite journal |date=2016-09-22 |title=News at a glance |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.353.6306.1344 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=353 |issue=6306 |pages=1344–1346 |doi=10.1126/science.353.6306.1344 |issn=0036-8075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172948/https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.353.6306.1344 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-09-19|url-access=subscription }}
In the original complaint, dated August 14, 2016,{{Cite web |date=2016-08-14 |title=告発文１_5cvq.pdf Ordinary_researchers 2016-08-14 [Japanese |url=http://scienceandtechnology.jp/wp-content/uploads/%E5%91%8A%E7%99%BA%E6%96%87%EF%BC%91_5cvq.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923153147/http://scienceandtechnology.jp/wp-content/uploads/%E5%91%8A%E7%99%BA%E6%96%87%EF%BC%91_5cvq.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=scienceandtechnology.jp}}{{Cite web |date=2016-08-14 |title=告発文２_5cvr.pdf Ordinary_researchers 2016-08-14 [Japanese |url=http://scienceandtechnology.jp/wp-content/uploads/%E5%91%8A%E7%99%BA%E6%96%87%EF%BC%92_5cvr.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923153147/http://scienceandtechnology.jp/wp-content/uploads/%E5%91%8A%E7%99%BA%E6%96%87%EF%BC%92_5cvr.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=scienceandtechnology.jp}}{{Cite web |date=2016-08-14 |title=Ordinary_researchers 2016-08-14 [Japanese |url=http://toudai20168.up.seesaa.net/image/E5918AE799BAE69687EFBC93.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902041908/http://toudai20168.up.seesaa.net/image/E5918AE799BAE69687EFBC93.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2016 |access-date=2022-03-20}} they accused eleven papers from four laboratories of medical professors at the University of Tokyo. The accusation letter is less than 70 pages and specifically pointed out unnatural aspects in images and graphs of papers published in the world's most prestigious journals, including Nature, Cell, and The New England Journal of Medicine, between 2003 and 2015. It states, "In view of the regularity, frequency, fairness, and seriousness of the paper's impact, it should no longer be overlooked."
A second complaint filed on August 29, 2016{{Cite web |date=2016-08-29 |title=Ordinary_researchers 2016-08-29 [Japanese] |url=http://toudai20168.up.seesaa.net/image/E69DB1E5A4A7E5918AE799BAE7ACACE4BA8CE5BCBE20-20E382B3E38394E383BC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926063327/http://toudai20168.up.seesaa.net/image/E69DB1E5A4A7E5918AE799BAE7ACACE4BA8CE5BCBE20-20E382B3E38394E383BC.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2016 |access-date=2022-03-20}} accused additional eleven papers from two laboratories, one of which is of a professor of medicine and the other is of a professor of the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Tokyo. The accusation letter, less than 40 pages long, specifically pointed out unnatural aspects in images and graphs in papers published in the world's top journals, including Nature, Science, and Cell, between 2005 and 2016.
The accusations were repeatedly reported by mass media around the world, including Japan, and the full text of the accusations became public within a month by Science Magazine.
On August 1, 2017, the University of Tokyo announced that it had found misconduct in a total of five papers from the laboratory of the professor at the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology and no misconduct in all papers from laboratories of the five professors in the Faculty of Medicine.{{Cite web |title=University of Tokyo probe says chromosome team doctored images |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/university-tokyo-probe-says-chromosome-team-doctored-images |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320182136/https://www.science.org/content/article/university-tokyo-probe-says-chromosome-team-doctored-images |archive-date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Science |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |date=2017-08-01 |title=University says prominent Japanese cell biologist committed misconduct |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22394 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22394 |issn=1476-4687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031171027/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22394 |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2022-10-31|url-access=subscription }} The Nature paper, which allegedly identified the adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 by expression cloning using FACS,{{Cite journal |last1=Yamauchi |first1=Toshimasa |last2=Kamon |first2=Junji |last3=Ito |first3=Yusuke |last4=Tsuchida |first4=Atsushi |last5=Yokomizo |first5=Takehiko |last6=Kita |first6=Shunbun |last7=Sugiyama |first7=Takuya |last8=Miyagishi |first8=Makoto |last9=Hara |first9=Kazuo |last10=Tsunoda |first10=Masaki |last11=Murakami |first11=Koji |date=2003-06-12 |title=Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01705 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=423 |issue=6941 |pages=762–769 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..762Y |doi=10.1038/nature01705 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=12802337 |s2cid=52860797 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031171025/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01705 |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2022-10-31|url-access=subscription }} was not investigated, citing the fact that a correction notice was issued 13 years ago.{{Cite journal |last1=Yamauchi |first1=Toshimasa |last2=Kamon |first2=Junji |last3=Ito |first3=Yusuke |last4=Tsuchida |first4=Atsushi |last5=Yokomizo |first5=Takehiko |last6=Kita |first6=Shunbun |last7=Sugiyama |first7=Takuya |last8=Miyagishi |first8=Makoto |last9=Hara |first9=Kazuo |last10=Tsunoda |first10=Masaki |last11=Murakami |first11=Koji |date=2004-10-28 |title=Correction: Corrigendum: Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=431 |issue=7012 |pages=1123 |doi=10.1038/nature03091 |issn=1476-4687 |s2cid=4406266 |doi-access=free}}
At the press conference, in response to the survey of the Faculty of Medicine that found no irregularities in any of the data, Ms. Masako Takuma said, "If it was a mistake and the data was duplicated, I would still understand. However, it is not possible to add up the data and divide by two without going to the trouble of doing so."{{Cite web |last=Takuma |first=Masako |date=2017-08-14 |title=論文不正の告発を受けた東京大学（3） 告発通りに図版の誤りはあったが...... |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/takumamasako/20170814-00074077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320182135/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/takumamasako/20170814-00074077 |archive-date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Yahoo!ニュース |language=ja}}
Following the University of Tokyo's announcement, Ordinary_researchers responded to NHK and Science Magazine. As for the investigation into the medical school, Ordinary_researchers pointed out that "there is little concrete information published about what kind of verification was conducted, which makes it impossible for third parties in the scientific community to verify the doubts". Asako Sugimoto, president of the {{ill|Molecular Biology Society of Japan|ja|日本分子生物学会}}, said of some of the papers which were not found to be fraudulent, "We believe that they damage the reliability of the researchers."{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=東京大学における「研究不正の申立てに関する調査結果報告」について |trans-title=On the Results of the Investigation into Allegations of Research Misconduct at the University of Tokyo |url=https://www.mbsj.jp/admins/committee/ethics/doc/20170804.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923153149/https://www.mbsj.jp/admins/committee/ethics/doc/20170804.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2022-11-03 |publisher=The Molecular Biology Society of Japan |language=ja}}
List of alleged papers
| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ !Case !No. !Journal name !Publication year !DOI !Date of original accusation !Location of original accusation !11jigen activities !Journal activities !Institute's Decision* !References |
| Kato's lab
!01 |Genes Dev |2010 |10.1101/gad.1857410 |2011-12-27 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
|---|
| Kato's lab
!02 |JBC |2009 |10.1074/jbc.M109.009738 |2011-12-25 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!03 |Nature |2009 |10.1038/nature08456 |Unknown |Unknown |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!04 |MCB |2009 |10.1128/MCB.00884-08 |2012-01-01 |2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレ 5){{Cite web |title=捏造、不正論文 総合スレ 5 Res.389 |url=https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1324914872/389 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=uni.5ch.net}} |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!05 |PNAS |2009 |10.1073/pnas.0809819106 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!06 |Genes Cells |2007 |10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01131.x |2011-12-23 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!07 |Nat Cell Biol |2007 |10.1038/ncb1647 |2011-12-24 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!08 |MCB |2007 |10.1128/MCB.02039-06 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!09 |MCB |2007 |10.1128/MCB.00409-07 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!10 |JBC |2006 |10.1074/jbc.M510157200 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!11 |MCB |2007 |10.1128/MCB.00813-07 |2011-12-31 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!12 |J Pharmacol Exp Ther |2005 |10.1124/jpet.105.087643 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!13 |J Pharmacol Sci |2005 |10.1254/jphs.fmj04008x5 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!14 |Genes Cells |2004 |10.1111/j.1365-2443.2004.00777.x |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!15 |EMBO J |2004 |10.1038/sj.emboj.7600157 |2012-01-01 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!16 |Cell |2003 |10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7 |2011-12-24 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!17 |Nature |2003 |10.1038/nature01606 |2011-12-25 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!18 |Nat Cell Biol |2003 |10.1038/ncb942 |2011-12-24 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!19 |MCB |2002 |10.1128/MCB.22.11.3698-3706.2002 |2011-12-23 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!20 |NAR |2002 |10.1093/nar/30.6.1387 |2011-12-26 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!21 |Neuron |2002 |10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00875-9 |2011-12-28 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!22 |EMBO J |2001 |10.1093/emboj/20.6.1341 |2011-12-25 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!23 |JBC |1999 |10.1074/jbc.274.19.12971 |2013-12-26 |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!24 |BBRC |1996 |10.1006/bbrc.1996.0755 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!25 |BBRC |2004 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.157 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!26 |MCB |2009 |10.1128/MCB.02123-07 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!27 |EMBO J |2005 |10.1038/sj.emboj.7600853 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!28 |Mol Cell Endocrinol |2007 |10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.014 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!29 |Genes Cells |2008 |10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01244.x |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!30 |Mol Cell |2002 |10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00478-1 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!31 |Endocrinology |1999 |10.1210/endo.140.5.6691 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!32 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M107844200 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!33 |BBRC |2002 |10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00564-8 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{no|None}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!34 |PNAS |2004 |10.1073/pnas.0305303101 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!35 |Oncogene |2004 |10.1038/sj.onc.1207786 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!36 |Genes Cells |2005 |10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00904.x |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!37 |EMBO J |2007 |10.1038/sj.emboj.7601548 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!38 |Nature |2007 |10.1038/nature05683 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!39 |Arch Biochem Biophys |2007 |10.1016/j.abb.2006.07.015 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!40 |EMBO Rep |2008 |10.1038/embor.2008.55 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!41 |Nature |2009 |10.1038/nature07954 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!42 |PNAS |2009 |10.1073/pnas.0901184106 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!43 |JBC |2010 |10.1074/jbc.M109.077024 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!44 |PNAS |2010 |10.1073/pnas.1010307107 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!45 |Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol |2011 |10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010736 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!46 |Mol Cell |2009 |10.1016/j.molcel.2009.08.017 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| Kato's lab
!47 |MCB |1999 |10.1128/MCB.19.8.5363 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!48 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.C000517200 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!49 |PNAS |2006 |10.1073/pnas.0506736102 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| Kato's lab
!50 |Nat Cell Biol |2007 |10.1038/ncb1577 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud. The criminal is unknown.}} |
| Kato's lab
!51 |BBRC |2010 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.167 |2013-12-26 |Interim report of University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#001 |Nature |1998 |10.1038/34214 |2014-12-30 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#002 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.275.11.8091 |2014-12-30 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#003 |Arch Biochem Biophys |2001 |10.1006/abbi.2000.2266 |2014-12-30 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#004 |Diabetes |2002 |10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2915 |2014-12-30 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#005 |Nat Med |2002 |10.1038/nm724 |2014-12-30 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#006 |JBC |2003 |10.1074/jbc.M213202200 |2014-12-30 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#007 |MBC |1996 |10.1128/MCB.16.6.3074 |2014-12-31 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#008 |JBC |2003 |10.1074/jbc.M103241200 |2014-12-31 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#009 |J Clin Invest |2001 |10.1172/JCI12864 |2014-12-31 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#010 |Nat Genet |2002 |10.1038/ng829 |2014-12-31 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#011 |BBRC |2004 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.083 |2014-12-31 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#012 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M101781200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#013 |Exp Cell Res |2002 |10.1006/excr.2001.5394 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#014 |Oncogene |2002 |10.1038/sj.onc.1205114 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#015 |BBRC |2002 |10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00216-4 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#016 |J Virol |1999 |10.1128/JVI.73.11.9237-9246.1999 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#017 |J Virol |2000 |10.1128/jvi.74.12.5619-5628.2000 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#018 |J Virol |2001 |10.1128/JVI.75.8.3802-3810.2001 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#019 |J Virol |2002 |10.1128/jvi.76.14.7114-7124.2002 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#020 |J Virol |2004 |10.1128/JVI.78.14.7443-7454.2004 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#021 |J Virol |2007 |10.1128/JVI.02590-06 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#022 |BBRC |2002 |10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00855-0 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#023 |BBRC |2001 |10.1006/bbrc.2001.6003 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#024 |Circ Res |2004 |10.1161/01.RES.0000129701.14494.52 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#025 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.M108138200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#026 |JBC |1999 |10.1074/jbc.274.17.11995 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#027 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.C000212200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#028 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.M209356200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#029 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M008744200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#030 |JBC |1999 |10.1074/jbc.274.53.38251 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#031 |Nucleic Acids Res |2000 |10.1093/nar/28.6.1355 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#032 |DNA Repair |2007 |10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.01.003 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#033 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.M001144200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#034 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.C100762200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#035 |EMBO J |2002 |10.1093/emboj/cdf642 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#036 |JBC |2003 |10.1074/jbc.M212856200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#037 |JBC |2003 |10.1074/jbc.M302868200 |2015-01-01 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#038 |J Virol |1999 |10.1128/JVI.73.10.7981-7987.1999 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#039 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.M106880200 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |{{terminated|Retracted}} |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#040 |JBC |2004 |10.1074/jbc.M401067200 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#041 |Diabetes |2003 |10.2337/diabetes.52.11.2657 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#042 |JBC |1999 |10.1074/jbc.274.45.32309 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Completely innocent. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#043 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.M909999199 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#044 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.275.6.4369 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#045 |Hepatology |2000 |10.1053/jhep.2000.18715 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#046 |J Hepatol |2004 |10.1016/j.jhep.2003.12.018 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#047 |Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab |2005 |10.1152/ajpendo.00118.2004 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#048 |BBRC |2001 |10.1006/bbrc.2001.4764 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#049 |J Virol |2002 |10.1128/jvi.76.24.12683-12690.2002 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#050 |JBC |2003 |10.1074/jbc.M305701200 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#051 |J Med Virol |2006 |10.1002/jmv.20556 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#052 |Cancer Lett |1999 |10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00109-3 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#053 |Leukemia |2000 |10.1038/sj.leu.2401828 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#054 |BBRC |2004 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.080 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#055 |Cancer Lett |2008 |10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.017 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#056 |Cancer Res |2006 |10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0377 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#057 |BBRC |2005 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.086 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Completely innocent. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#058 |BBRC |2000 |10.1006/bbrc.2000.3200 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#059 |BBRC |2001 |10.1006/bbrc.2001.4844 |2015-01-02 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#060 |Nat Cell Biol |1999 |10.1038/70265 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#061 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M006886200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#062 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M104096200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#063 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.M110795200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#064 |Circulation |2002 |10.1161/01.cir.0000018622.84402.ff |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#065 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.M111501200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#066 |JBC |2005 |10.1074/jbc.M406788200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#067 |JBC |2005 |10.1074/jbc.M413461200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#068 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M006153200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#069 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M103853200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#070 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M005036200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#071 |JBC |2002 |10.1074/jbc.M204042200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#072 |Endocrinology |2004 |10.1210/en.2003-0792 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#073 |Clin Cancer Res |2004 |10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0958 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#074 |Endocrinology |2004 |10.1210/en.2003-0709 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#075 |JBC |2004 |10.1074/jbc.M313709200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#076 |JBC |2000 |10.1074/jbc.M003491200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#077 |PNAS |2000 |10.1073/pnas.240303097 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#078 |JBC |1999 |10.1074/jbc.274.13.8531 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#079 |FASEB J |2001 |10.1096/fj.00-0495fje |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#080 |Nat Med |2001 |10.1038/85463 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#081 |JBC |2003 |10.1074/jbc.M207880200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |Corrigendum |Officially unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#082 |JBC |2001 |10.1074/jbc.M103848200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#083 |JBC |2005 |10.1074/jbc.M409969200 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#084 |Cancer Res |2007 |10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2756 |2015-01-03 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#085 |Nature |2008 |10.1038/nature07027 |2013-03-05 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#086 |JBC |2004 |10.1074/jbc.M310822200 |2013-03-07 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#087 |Nat Med |2009 |10.1038/nm.2014 |2013-03-08 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#088 |Nat Cell Biol |2004 |10.1038/ncb1137 |2013-03-08 2013-03-11 |2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ1){{Cite web |title=捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ1 Res.602 |url=https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1357722841/602 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103135858/https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1357722841/602 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=uni.5ch.net}}{{Cite web |title=捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ1 Res.678 |url=https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1357722841/678 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103135905/https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1357722841/678 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=uni.5ch.net}} |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#089 |BBRC |2004 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.119 |2013-03-21 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#090 |JBC |1999 |10.1074/jbc.274.12.8231 |2013-03-22 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#091 |BBRC |2000 |10.1006/bbrc.2000.2561 |2013-03-22 |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#092 |Circulation |1999 |10.1161/01.cir.100.20.2100 |2013-03-27 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#093 |Circulation |2003 |10.1161/01.CIR.0000101923.54751.77 |2013-03-27 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#094 |Circulation |1998 |10.1161/01.cir.97.19.1952 |2013-03-28 |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#095 |Circ Res |1999 |10.1161/01.res.84.4.458 |2013-03-28 |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#096 |EMBO J |2000 |doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.20.5533 |2013-03-30 2013-04-06 |2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ2){{Cite web |title=捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ2 Res.240 |url=https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1364040890/240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103135859/https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1364040890/240 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=uni.5ch.net}}{{Cite web |title=捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ2 Res.511 |url=https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1364040890/511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103135916/https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1364040890/511 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=uni.5ch.net}} |Created a summary blog. |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#097 |Hypertension |1998 |10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.50 |2013-04-16 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{no|None}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Anonymous A"
!#098 |Circ Res |1998 |10.1161/01.res.83.7.752 |2013-04-16 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{no|None}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Anonymous A"
!#099 |J Am Soc Nephrol |2003 |10.1097/01.asn.0000050415.97942.2f |2013-04-16 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{no|None}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Anonymous A"
!#100 |Hypertens Res |2005 |10.1291/hypres.28.447 |2013-05-07 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |Corrigendum |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Anonymous A"
!#101 |J Pharmacol Sci |2005 |10.1254/jphs.fp0050160 |2013-05-07 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |{{no|None}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Anonymous A"
!#102 |Circulation |2003 |10.1161/01.cir.0000055331.41937.aa |2013-08-20 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#103 |Hypertension |2006 |10.1161/01.HYP.0000240266.26185.57 |2013-08-20 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#104 |Mol Pharmacol |2005 |10.1124/mol.104.008144 |2013-08-21 |Mentioned on Twitter |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#105 |Arterioscler Thromb Vasc |2012 |10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.249516 |2013-08-21 |None |Corrigendum |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#106 |Nature |1998 |10.1038/27945 |2014-01-23 |Molecular Biology Society of Japan's boardCurrently dead. The copy of the content is here: https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1388073042/954 ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102152618/https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1388073042/954 |date=2022-11-02 }}) (Japanese). |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#107 |Circulation |2006 |10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.626606 |2013-03-27 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#108 |Circulation |2002 |10.1161/01.cir.0000027823.07104.86 |2013-03-27 |2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ2){{Cite web |title=捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ2 Res.151 |url=https://uni.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/life/1364040890/151 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=uni.5ch.net}} |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#109 |Circulation |2002 |10.1161/hc1002.105225 |2013-03-20 |Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation. |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#110 |Arthritis Rheum |2000 |10.1002/1529-0131(200002)43:2<259::AID-ANR4>3.0.CO;2-W |2013-03-31 |None |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#111 |J Clin Invest |1999 |10.1172/JCI6093 |2013-04-01 |None |None |Unknown. |
| "Anonymous A"
!#112 |JBC |2006 |10.1074/jbc.M601645200 |2018-10-26 |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Already retracted.}} | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#113 |PNAS |2002 |10.1073/pnas.232562799 |2019-04-24 |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#114 |Front Microbiol |2020 |10.3389/fmicb.2020.628281 |2021-08-23 |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Anonymous A"
!#115 |BBRC |2004 |10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.104 |2023-12-07 |None |None |Unknown. | |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##01 |Nature |2003 |10.1038/nature01705 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##02 |Nat Med |2007 |10.1038/nm1557 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##03 |Diabetologia |2008 |10.1007/s00125-008-0944-9 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##04 |Nature |2010 |10.1038/nature08991 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##05 |Cell Metab |2011 |10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.010 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##06 |Diabetologia |2012 |10.1007/s00125-012-2711-1 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##07 |Nature |2013 |10.1038/nature12656 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##08 |Nat Med |2011 |10.1038/nm.2337 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##09 |N Engl J Med |2013 |10.1056/NEJMoa1212115 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##10 |Nat Med |2014 |10.1038/nm.3432 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##11 |Cell |2015 |10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.013 |2016-08-14 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##12 |Nat Commun |2016 |10.1038/ncomms11635 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##13 |Int Heart J |2016 |10.1536/ihj.15-332 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##14 |Sci Rep |2015 |10.1038/srep14453 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##15 |Sci Rep |2016 |10.1038/srep25009 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##16 |Cell |2005 |10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.013 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##17 |Nature |2008 |10.1038/nature07217 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |Corrigendum |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##18 |Science |2010 |10.1126/science.1194498 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |Corrigendum |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##19 |Nat Cell Biol |2010 |10.1038/ncb2052 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |None |Not be ruled out as fraud. |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##20 |Nature |2011 |10.1038/nature10179 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |Corrigendum |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##21 |EMBO Rep |2011 |10.1038/embor.2011.188 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |Corrigendum |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |
| "Ordinary_researchers"
!##22 |Science |2015 |10.1126/science.aaa2655 |2016-08-29 |letter to University of Tokyo |None |{{terminated|Retracted}} |{{terminated|Fraud.}} |