Jasperware

File:Clevelandart 1951.304.a.jpg

Named after the mineral jasper for marketing reasons, the exact Wedgwood formula remains confidential, but analyses indicate that barium sulphate is a key ingredient.[http://collectingwedgwood.com/jasper-wedgwood-a-brief-history Jasper Wedgwood – A Brief History] Wedgwood had introduced a different type of stoneware called black basalt a decade earlier. He had been researching a white stoneware for some time, creating a body called "waxen white jasper" by 1773–1774. This tended to fail in firing, and was not as attractive as the final jasperware, and little was sold.Wood, 31; Savage, 194

Jasperware's composition varies but according to one 19th-century analysis it was approximately: 57% barium sulphate, 29% ball clay, 10% flint, 4% barium carbonate. Barium sulphate ("cawk" or "heavy-spar") was a fluxing agent and obtainable as a by-product of lead mining in nearby Derbyshire.Wood, 29-30; Gooden, 45 gives a mix with 59% barium sulphate and 2% barium carbonate, another Victorian authority gave the proportions follows: sulphate of barytes 150, china clay 35, blue clay 45, flint 35, gypsum 6, and Cornish stone 50 (321 total) – Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical: As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, Volume 2, Glasgow : Mackenzie, 1860, by Sheridan Muspratt, Eben Norton Horsford, and William Mackenzie, page 817.

The fired body is naturally white but usually stained with metallic oxide colors; its most common shade is pale blue, but dark blue, lilac, sage green (described as "sea-green" by Wedgwood),Savage, 194 black, and yellow are also used, with sage green due to chromium oxide, blue to cobalt oxide, and lilac to manganese oxide, with yellow probably coming from a salt of antimony, and black from iron oxide.[http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/insidethecollection/2011/02/josiah-wedgwoods-colourful-chemistry-experiments/ "Josiah Wedgwood’s colourful chemistry experiments", 2011, Debbie Rudder, Powerhouse Museum]Wood, 30; Savage, 196 Other colours sometimes appear, including white used as the main body colour, with applied reliefs in one of the other colours. The yellow is rare. A few pieces, mostly the larger ones like vases, use several colours together,Savage, 196 and some pieces mix jasperware and other types together.

The earliest jasper was stained throughout, which is known as "solid," but before long most items were coloured only on the surface; these are known as "dipped" or "dip". Dipping was first used in 1777, Wedgwood writing that "the Cobalt @ 36{{abbr|s.|shillings}} per lb, which being too dear to mix with the clay of the whole grounds".Letter to Bentley, quoted Godden, 45 By 1829 production in jasper had virtually ceased, but in 1844 production resumed making dipped wares. Solid jasper was not manufactured again until 1860.[http://www.thepotteries.org/types/jasper.htm]; Wood, 31 Early dark blue was often made by dipping a body made from the solid light blue. In the best early pieces the relief work was gone over, including some undercutting, by lapidaries.

File:Sir Joseph and Lady Banks, modeled by John Flaxman Jr, 1780-1785, solid lilac jasper with white relief - Wedgwood Museum - Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England - DDSC09626.jpg|Sir Joseph Banks and Lady Banks, portrait miniature by John Flaxman Jr, 1780–1785, solid lilac jasper with white relief.

File:Point Bottle, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, mid 19th century, green jasperware - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01945.JPG|Mid-19th century sage-green bottle vase.

File:Teapot, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, c. 1840, blue jasperware - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01980.JPG|Dark blue teapot, 1840s

File:WLA brooklynmuseum Wedgwood Vase with Cover ca 1820.jpg|Yellow vase, {{c.|1820}}

File:Flower Pot, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, 1810-1820, white jasperware - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01957.JPG|White ground with sage-green reliefs, 1810–1820

File:Goblet or Beaker, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, {{c.|1780}}, red jasperware - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01967.JPG|"Red" jasperware beaker, {{c.|1780}}, in "White Chinese Flowers" pattern.

File:Pair of covered vases, Wedgwood, 1 of 2, England, c. 1825, stoneware - Montreal Museum of Fine Arts - Montreal, Canada - DSC09425.jpg|White ground, lilac and green reliefs, {{c.|1825}}

File:Jaspar trials, with numbers keyed to Wedgwood's Experiment Book, 1773-1776 - Wedgwood Museum - Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England - DSC09581.jpg|Trial pieces, with numbers keyed to Wedgwood's Experiment Book, 1773–1776

File:Silenus and Boys, after Francois Duquesnoy, c. 1778, solid pale blue jasper, white relief - Wedgwood Museum - Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England - DSC09689.jpg, {{c.|1778}}, solid pale blue jasper plaque.]]

The artists used for jasperware cannot always be identified, as they are not named on pieces they designed. Wedgwood commissioned George Stubbs and William Wood, as well as the Flaxmans, father and son. William Hackwood was his chief in-house modeller, who was sometimes allowed to initial pieces.Savage, 197 Using the celebrity of aristocratic amateurs Lady Templeton and Lady Diana Beauclerk, as well as Emma Crewe, no doubt helped sales.Wood, 30 Ancient and modern works in various media were copied and new, original designs created.

Jasperware is particularly associated with the neoclassical sculptor and designer John Flaxman Jr., who began to supply Wedgwood with designs from 1775. Flaxman mostly worked in wax when designing for Wedgwood. The designs were then cast; some of them are still in production.

Sir William Hamilton's collection of ancient Greek vases was an important influence on Flaxman's work. These vases were first known in England from D'Hancarville's engravings, published in stages from 1766.{{cite web|title=John Flaxman Jr (1755-1826)|publisher=The Wedgwood Museum|url=http://www.wedgwoodmuseum.org.uk/learning/discovery-packs/pack/classical/chapter/john-flaxman-jr-1755-1826|access-date=11 April 2013}}

Inspiration for Flaxman and Wedgwood came not only from ancient ceramics, but also from cameo glass, particularly the Portland Vase which was brought to England by Hamilton by 1784. The vase was lent to Wedgwood by William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland from 1786. Wedgwood devoted four years of painstaking attempts at duplicating the vase in black and white jasperware, which was finally completed in 1790, the figures perhaps modelled by William Hackwood. The replica was exhibited in London in that year, with the initial showing restricted to 1,900 tickets, which soon sold out. Wedgwood's careful copies proved extremely useful when the vase was smashed in the British Museum in 1845, and then reconstructed by the restorer John Doubleday. The original edition was of 50 copies; in 1838 a further edition was cast in one piece, with the background then painted.Savage, 195, 197

File:Jasperware plaque by Wedgwood (c. 1776), Harris Museum.JPG|Apotheosis of Virgil; by John Flaxman; {{circa}}1776; jasperware; diameter: {{cvt|41|cm}}; Harris Museum

File:Thinktank Birmingham - object 1885M02666(1).jpg |Wedgwood jardiniere, 1780

File:Horse Frightened by a Lion by Josiah Wedgwood.jpg|Horse Frightened by a Lion, plaque, {{convert|10 x 16|in}}, 1780, after George Stubbs

File:Quiver vase, modeling attributed to William Hackwood, 1785-1790, solid pale blue jasper, dark blue dip, white reliefs - Wedgwood Museum - Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England - DSC09647.jpg|Quiver vase, modelling attributed to William Hackwood, 1785–1790, solid pale blue jasper, dark blue dip.

File:Crew - Belt Clasp with a Female Making a Sacrifice - Walters 481770.jpg|Belt clasp designed by Lady Templeton and Emma Crewe for Josiah Wedgwood's factory. Jasperware, steel, tin. The Walters Art Museum

File:Cachepot With Saucer, 1785–1790 (CH 18349817) (cropped).jpg, Staffordshire]]

Wedgwood jasperware can often be dated by the style of potter's marks, although there are exceptions to the rules:

• {{strong|Before 1860}}: Mark is "Wedgwood". Usually accompanied by other potter markings and a single letter.
• {{strong|From 1860 to 1929}}: A three-letter mark represents in order, the month, the potter, and the year. The year code starts mid-alphabet with the letter "O" for 1860, the letter "P" for 1861, etc., returning to "A" after "Z". For certain letters there are two possible year dates. Unfortunately these date codes were used quite infrequently on jasperware pieces. A single letter is more commonly found during this time period but it is merely a potter's mark and of no consequence for dating the object.Michael Herman, Wedgwood Jasper Ware A Shape Book and Collectors Guide 2003, p.16
• {{strong|1891–1908}}: Marks are "Wedgwood", "England", separated.
• {{strong|1908–1969}}: Marks are "Wedgwood", "Made in England", separated, or "Wedgwood England" on small objects like thimbles. After 1929 the typeface of the word "Wedgwood" is changed to sans serif.
• {{strong|1970–present}}: Mark is "Wedgwood Made in England" as single stamp

Jasperware was widely copied in England and elsewhere from its introduction, especially by other makers of Staffordshire pottery.Wood, 31 The Real Fabrica del Buen Retiro in Madrid produced jasperware effects in biscuit porcelain. At the end of the 18th century, they made jasperware plaques for a "porcelain room" in the Casita del Príncipe at the Escorial.{{cite web | url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/patrimonio/ceramica/buen_retiro/casita_principe | title=Sala de Porcelana de la Casita del Príncipe de El Escorial | publisher=Centro Virtual Cervantes | access-date=24 August 2013}}

In the late 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Stahl developed his own style and techniques during his work at Villeroy & Boch in Mettlach, Saar, Germany. The name Phanolith was coined for this kind of jasperware. His work is praised for the translucency of the white porcelain on a colored background. Stahl's work is known for its refined modelling and the vibrancy of its figures. He thus combined the benefits of jasperware and pâte-sur-pâte. A stand at the World's Fair 1900 in Paris was the first major public presentation of his work and gained him a gold medal. For this event, two huge wall plates were created with dimensions of {{cvt|220 x 60|cm}}, each.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

File:Simposiasta, Real Fabrica del Buen Retiro, Madrid, 1784-1803 AD - Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas - Madrid, Spain - DSC08406.JPG|Spanish jasperware depicting an attendee at a symposium, in biscuit porcelain partly in Wedgwood blue. Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro, 1784–1803

File:Vase, Meissen Porcelain (cropped).jpg|Meissen porcelain, {{c.|1818}}, Birmingham Museum of Art

File:GreenJasper.JPG|American version of jasperware {{c.|1846}}, depicting Native Americans in a neoclassical style

File:JBS_phanolith_plaque.jpg|Jean-Baptiste Stahl phanolith plaque.

{{Reflist}}

• Godden, Geoffrey, English China, 1985, Barrie & Jenkins, {{ISBN|0091583004}}
• Savage, George, Pottery Through the Ages, Penguin, 1959
• Wood, Frank L., The World of British Stoneware: Its History, Manufacture and Wares, 2014, Troubador Publishing Ltd, {{ISBN|178306367X}}, 9781783063673

• Reilly, Robin, Wedgwood Jasper, 1994, Thames & Hudson Ltd, {{ISBN|0500016240}}, {{ISBN|978-0500016244}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O77508/buttons/ Wedgwood buttons, made 1785-1800, from the] Victoria & Albert Museum jewellery collection.
• {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Jasper Ware |short=x}}

{{Pottery}}

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Category:English pottery

Category:Stoneware

Category:Wedgwood pottery