Java-class frigate (1863)

Despite the United Kingdom's official stance of neutrality during the American Civil War, British assets were used to support the rebelling Confederacy, particularly in the development of its navy. Shipyards in Liverpool indiscreetly constructed blockade runners and privateers for the Confederates, exploiting a legal loophole by ensuring the vessels were not armed until they reached Portugal. Among these ships were {{ship|CSS|Alabama}}, {{ship|CSS|Florida|cruiser|2}}, and {{ship|CSS|Alexandra||2}}, which wreaked havoc on Union shipping; Alabama alone was responsible for destroying 65 merchant vessels.{{Cite web |title=Supplying Warships · Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War · |url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-war/supplying-warships#:~:text=Confederates%20used%20the%20CSS%20Alabama,other%20British-made%20Confederate%20ships. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719215801/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-war/supplying-warships |archive-date=July 19, 2024 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=ldhi.library.cofc.edu |publisher=Lowcountry Digital History Initiative}}{{Cite web |last=Quarstein |first=John V. |date=2021-08-21 |title=Roll, Alabama, roll! - Sinking of CSS Alabama |url=https://www.marinersmuseum.org/2021/08/roll-alabama-roll-sinking-of-css-alabama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623202011/https://www.marinersmuseum.org/2021/08/roll-alabama-roll-sinking-of-css-alabama/ |archive-date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The Mariners' Museum and Park |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War |url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214173438/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-war |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=ldhi.library.cofc.edu |publisher=Lowcountry Digital History Initiative}}

The Union Navy was alarmed by these developments, as the disruption of American trade routes drove up domestic prices, damaged the economy, and forced the reassignment of ships from blockade duties against the South. By 1863, the Union, already provoked by these developments, feared that Britain might intervene to support the Confederates directly - a scenario that would have left the Union Navy hopelessly outmatched by the Royal Navy. Faced with that prospect, the Union Navy began planning for a possible war with the United Kingdom. While the Union fleet could not match the Royal Navy in conventional battles, the plan called for employing tactics similar to those used by the Confederacy: commerce raiding. By using cruisers to launch hit-and-run attacks on British ports and merchant shipping, the Union hoped to make a war too costly for Britain to justify, ultimately forcing it back into neutrality.{{Cite journal |last=Caiella |first=J.M. |date=April 2016 |title=The Wampanoag: 'Germ Idea' of the Battlecruiser |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2016/april/historic-ships-wampanoag-germ-idea-battlecruiser |journal=Naval History Magazine |language= |volume=30 |issue=2 |access-date=2025-03-14}}{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Stephen C. |date=August 2002 |title=The Wampanoag Goes on Trial |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2002/august/wampanoag-goes-trial |journal=Naval History Magazine |publisher=United States Naval Institute |volume=16 |issue=4}}{{Cite journal |last=Sloan, III |first=Edward W. |date=December 1965 |title=Isherwood's Masterpiece |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1965/december/isherwoods-masterpiece |journal=Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute |volume=91 |issue=12}}

For the new role, the Navy developed a breed of warship known as "commerce destroyers" that had the range and speed to intercept enemy ships at sea. Twenty-seven such ships were ordered by Congress in 1863, split into three classes varying in size, speed, and armament. The smallest was the Contoocook-class sloop, largest and fastest was the Wampanoag-class frigate, and the most well armed was the Java-class frigate.{{Cite book |last=Kinnaman |first=Stephen Chapin |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/John_Lenthall_The_Life_of_a_Naval_Constr/3CJnEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=John Lenthall: The Life of a Naval Constructor |date=2022-06-07 |publisher=Vernon Press |isbn=978-1-64889-437-4 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=295, 296}}

The new ships were built according to a new doctrine of the Navy planned for the post-war era. Congress was only interested in a Navy that could directly protect the United States, not one that could rival the Royal or French Navies. Instead of large, costly, ocean-going ironclads such as USS Dunderburg, the legislator wanted the Navy to only consist of costal ironclads that would protect the shoreline and "commerce destroyers" to operate out at sea and deter aggression from said navies.{{Rp|page=295}}{{Cite book |last=Canney |first=Donald L. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Old_Steam_Navy_Frigates_sloops_and_g/fvJPAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=The%20Old%20Steam%20Navy:%20Frigates,%20Sloops%20and%20Gunboats |title=The Old Steam Navy: Frigates, sloops, and gunboats, 1815-1885 |date=1990 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-0-87021-004-4 |language=en}}{{Rp|page=121}}

The class was designed and laid down in the final years of the American Civil War, and incorporated the United States Navy's wartime experience and technological advancements.{{Cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_War_Navies_1855_1883/x-XcAgWYTMMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Java-class+frigate&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover |title=Civil War Navies, 1855-1883 |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97870-5 |pages= |language=en}} The design was based on the Contoocook-class, with a larger emphasis on armament at the cost of speed.{{Rp|page=129}}{{Rp|page=296}}

While dimensions varied slightly between ships, they typically displaced {{convert|3953|LT|t|0|lk=in}} and measured {{convert|312.5|ft|m}} at the waterline, with an overall length of {{convert|316.5|ft|m}}, a beam of {{convert|46|ft|m}}, and a draft of {{convert|17.25|ft|m}}. Each ship was powered by a single-shaft steam engine driven by four boilers, two of which featurered superheaters. They were capable of speeds between {{convert|12|and|13|kn|lk=in}}, with a coal capacity of {{convert|480|LT|t}}. The class was crewed by 325 officers and enlisted personnel. Aside from their rigging, the ships were also fitted with two funnels.

Armament varied by vessel. Guerriere and Minnetonka carried two {{convert|6.4|in|cm|adj=on}} Parrott rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns, one {{convert|5.3|in|cm|adj=on}} Parrott RML, 18 {{convert|9|in|cm|adj=on}} Dahlgren smoothbore (SB) guns, and two to four {{convert|4|in|cm|abbr=|adj=on}} RML boat guns, the difference was that Guerriere was fitted with only six Dahlgren guns. Piscataqua was instead armed with twenty 9-inch SB guns.

The last two ships in the class, Hassalo and Watauga, were planned on being built as armored frigates with a layer of steel armor fitted on the hull and around the gun mounts.{{Rp|page=129}} The ships had a higher displacement, measuring at {{Convert|3,365|ST|MT LT}} burthen compared to {{Convert|3,177|ST|MT LT}} of the original design.{{Cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_War_Navies_1855_1883/x-XcAgWYTMMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Java-class+frigate&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover |title=Civil War Navies, 1855-1883 |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97870-5 |pages= |language=en |chapter=Unarmored Steam Vessels}}{{Rp|page=18}} They were listed as being armed with either 13 or 25 guns of unspecified type.{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Register_of_the_Commission_and_Warrant_O/DBDvj9CUyCoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Hassalo |title=Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps |date=1865 |publisher=Secretary of the Navy |pages=287 |language=en}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Neptune/N2rVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Hassalo-class+frigate&dq=Hassalo-class+frigate&printsec=frontcover |title=The American Neptune |date=1967 |publisher=Peabody Museum of Salem |volume=27 |page=44 |language=en}} Neither ship was laid down and were later canceled.{{Rp|page=13, 18}}

{{See also|History of the United States Navy#Decline of the Navy (1865–1882)}}

Following the end of the Civil War, the Navy was stripped of funding, which left many construction projects abandoned. Of the four frigates which managed to enter service, the use of unseasoned (green) wood in their hulls ensured brief careers due to war-time supply shortages of high-quality material and the need to have the ships in service as early as possible. While Illinois, Java, Kewaydin, and Ontario were broken up at the shipyard after sitting on their stocks for decades, only Guerriere, Minnetonka, and Piscataqua went to sea, with Antietam{{'}}s hull used as a storage hulk. After several of the ships were renamed after states, California (ex-Minnetonka) served as the flagship of the US Pacific Fleet while Delaware (ex-Piscataqua) went to the Asiatic and Guerriere served in the Atlantic. After less than ten years of service, the three operable ships were sold off due to degraded and rotten wood.{{Rp|page=122, 132}}

Below is a list of every ship of the class along with key information about each one.{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2/mode/2up |title=Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1860-1905 |date=1979 |publisher=New York : Mayflower Books |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8317-0302-8 |pages=125}}

{{reflist}}

{{Java-class frigate}}

Category:Frigate classes

Category:Steam frigates of the United States Navy

Category:Steam frigates

Category:Ships of the Union Navy