Java version history#JDK 1.0

{{Java version history table}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = JDK 1.0

| released = {{Start date and age|1996|1|23|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

}}

The first version was released on January 23, 1996.{{cite press release|url=http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml |title=JavaSoft ships Java 1.0 |access-date=2008-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310235103/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml |archive-date=March 10, 2007}}{{cite book |last1=Ortiz |first1=C. Enrique |last2=Giguère |first2=Éric |title=Mobile Information Device Profile for Java 2 Micro Edition: Developer's Guide |year=2001 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-03465-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/mobileinformatio0000orti |access-date=May 30, 2012 |url-access=registration }} The first stable version, JDK 1.0.2, is called Java 1.

{{-}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = JDK 1.1

| released = {{Start date and age|1997|2|19|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

}}

Major additions in the release on February 19, 1997 included:[https://web.archive.org/web/20080210044125/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1997-02/sunflash.970219.0001.xml Version 1.1 press release], Sun.

• extensive retooling of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) event model
• inner classes added to the language
• JavaBeans
• Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
• Java remote method invocation (RMI) and serialization
• reflection which supported Introspection only, no modification at runtime was possible. (The ability to modify objects reflectively was added in J2SE 1.2, by introducing the {{Javadoc|module=java.base|package=java.lang.reflect|class=AccessibleObject|text=AccessibleObject}} class and its subclasses such as the {{Javadoc|module=java.base|package=java.lang.reflect|class=Field|text=Field}} class.)
• Just-in-time compilation (JIT) on Microsoft Windows platforms, produced for JavaSoft by Symantec
• Internationalization and Unicode support originating from Taligent{{cite news |first=Don |last=Tennant |date=March 15, 1997 |title=Taligent prepares internationalisation technology for the big time |url=http://www2.computerworld.co.nz/article/669327/twitter-makes-global-changes-comply-privacy-laws/ |work=Computerworld |publisher=IDG |access-date=January 16, 2021}}

{{-}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = J2SE 1.2

| codename = Playground

| released = {{Start date and age|1998|12|8|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

}}

The release on December 8, 1998 and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded retrospectively Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). This was a very significant release of Java as it tripled the size of the Java platform to 1520 classes in 59 packages. Major additions included:[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816170028/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1998-12/sunflash.981208.9.xml Version 1.2 press release], Sun.

• strictfp keyword (by JVM 17 an obsolete keyword, should not be used in new code)
• The Swing graphical API was integrated into the core classes.
• Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time.
• Java plug-in
• Java IDL, an IDL implementation for CORBA interoperability
• Collections framework

{{-}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = J2SE 1.3

| released = {{Start date and age|2000|5|8|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| codename = Kestrel

}}

The most notable changes in the May 8, 2000 release were:[https://web.archive.org/web/20070817053430/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2000-05/sunflash.20000508.3.xml Version 1.3 press release], Sun.{{Cite web|url=https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/relnotes/features.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107051825/https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/relnotes/features.html|url-status=dead|title=Version 1.3 full list of changes|archive-date=November 7, 2006}}

• HotSpot JVM included (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM)
• RMI was modified to support optional compatibility with CORBA.
• Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) included in core libraries (previously available as an extension)
• Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA)
• JavaSound
• Synthetic proxy classes

Java 1.3 is the last release of Java to officially support Microsoft Windows 95.{{cite web|url=https://www.java.com/en/download/help/win95.html |title=How do I run Java on a Windows 95 computer?}}

{{-}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = J2SE 1.4

| released = {{Start date and age|2002|2|6|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| public_support_ended = {{End date|2008|10}}

| paid_support_ended = {{End date|2013|2}}

| codename = Merlin

}}

The February 6, 2002 release was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=59 JSR 59]. Major changes included:[https://web.archive.org/web/20070815095726/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2002-02/sunflash.20020206.5.xml Version 1.4 press release].{{Cite web|url=https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/relnotes/features.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108015942/https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/relnotes/features.html|url-status=dead|title=Version full 1.4 list of changes|archive-date=January 8, 2007}}

• Language changes
• assert keyword (specified in [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616233205/http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=41 JSR 41])
• Library improvements
• Regular expressions modeled after Perl regular expressions
• Exception chaining allows an exception to encapsulate original lower-level exception
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) support
• Non-blocking I/O (named NIO) (specified in [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=51 JSR 51])
• Logging API (specified in [https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=47 JSR 47])
• Image I/O API for reading and writing images in formats like JPEG and PNG
• Integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP) (specified in [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=5 JSR 5] and [https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=63 JSR 63])
• Integrated security and cryptography extensions (JCE, JSSE, JAAS)
• Java Web Start included (Java Web Start was first released in March 2001 for J2SE 1.3) (specified in [https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=56 JSR 56])
• Preferences API (java.util.prefs)

Public support and security updates for Java 1.4 ended in October 2008. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in February 2013.{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/system-configurations-139801.html|publisher=Oracle Corporation|access-date=October 22, 2012|year=2010|title=Java 2 Platform 5.0 and Java for Business 5.0}}

{{Anchor|Java 5}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 5

| codename = Tiger

| released = {{Start date and age|2004|9|30|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| public_support_ended = {{End date|2009|11}}

| paid_support_ended = {{End date|2015|4}}

}}

The release on September 30, 2004 was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. The number was changed to "better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE".{{cite web|title=Version 1.5.0 or 5.0?|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/relnotes/version-5.0.html|publisher=Oracle}} This version was developed under [https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=176 JSR 176].

Java SE 5 entered its end-of-public-updates period on April 8, 2008; updates are no longer available to the public as of November 3, 2009. Updates were available to paid Oracle customers until May 2015.

Tiger added a number of significant new language features:[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207083457/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2004-09/sunflash.20040930.1.xml Version 1.5 press release].[https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5/docs/relnotes/features.html Version 1.5 full list of changes].

• Generics: provides compile-time (static) type safety for collections and eliminates the need for most typecasts (type conversion) (specified by [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=14 JSR 14])
• Metadata: also called annotations; allows language constructs such as classes and methods to be tagged with additional data, which can then be processed by metadata-aware utilities (specified by [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=175 JSR 175])
• Autoboxing/unboxing: automatic conversions between primitive types (such as int) and primitive wrapper classes (such as {{Javadoc:SE|java/lang|Integer}}) (specified by [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=201 JSR 201])
• Enumerations: the enum keyword creates a typesafe, ordered list of values (such as Day.MONDAY, Day.TUESDAY, etc.); previously this could only be achieved by non-typesafe constant integers or manually constructed classes (typesafe enum pattern) (specified by [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=201 JSR 201])
• Varargs: the last parameter of a method can now be declared using a type name followed by three dots (e.g. void drawtext(String... lines)); in the calling code any number of parameters of that type can be used and they are then placed in an array to be passed to the method, or alternatively the calling code can pass an array of that type
• Enhanced for each loop: the for loop syntax is extended with special syntax for iterating over each member of either an array or any {{Javadoc:SE|java/lang|Iterable}}, such as the standard {{Javadoc:SE|java/util|Collection}} classes (specified by [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=201 JSR 201])
• Improved semantics of execution for multi-threaded Java programs; the new Java memory model addresses issues of complexity, effectiveness, and performance of previous specifications{{cite web |title=JSR 133, 2.4 Why isn't this need met by existing specifications? |url=https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=133 |publisher=Oracle}}
• Static imports

There were also the following improvements to the standard libraries:

• Automatic stub generation for RMI objects
• Swing: New skinnable look and feel, called synth
• The [https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/concurrency/overview.html concurrency utilities] in package [https://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/package-summary.html java.util.concurrent]{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Goetz |year=2006 |title=Java Concurrency in Practice |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-321-34960-1 |page=xvii |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/javaconcurrencyi00goet}}
• Scanner class for parsing data from various input streams and buffers

Java 5 is the last release of Java to officially support Microsoft Windows 98 and Windows ME,{{cite web|url=https://www.java.com/en/download/windows98me_manual.jsp |title=Java 5.0 is no longer available on Java.com |publisher=Java.com |date=2009-11-03 |access-date=2016-09-30}} while Windows Vista was the newest version of Windows that Java SE 5 was supported on prior to Java 5 going end-of-life in October 2009.

Java 5 Update 5 (1.5.0_05) is the last release of Java to work on Windows 95 (with Internet Explorer 5.5 installed) and Windows NT 4.0.{{cite web|url=http://toastytech.com/guis/miscb2.html |title=Misc Windows 2 – Nathan's Toasty Technology page |first=Nathan |last=Lineback |access-date=2016-09-30}}

Java 5 was first available on Apple Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger){{cite web |last=Yank |first=Kebin |title=Java 5 available for Mac OS X |url=https://www.sitepoint.com/java-5-available-for-mac-os-x/ |website=Sitepoint |access-date=September 30, 2016 |date=May 3, 2005}} and was the default version of Java installed on Apple Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard).

Public support and security updates for Java 1.5 ended in November 2009. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in April 2015.

This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries:

{{Quote|text=Both version numbers "1.5.0" and "5.0" are used to identify this release of the Java 2 Platform Standard Edition. Version "5.0" is the product version, while "1.5.0" is the developer version. The number "5.0" is used to better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE.|source="Version 1.5.0 or 5.0?", Java release notes{{cite web |title=Version 1.5.0 or 5.0? |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/relnotes/version-5.0.html |publisher=Oracle.com |access-date=April 18, 2016}}}}

This correspondence continued through later releases (Java 6 = JDK 1.6, Java 7 = JDK 1.7, and so on).

{{Anchor|Java 6}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 6

| codename = Mustang

| released = {{Start date and age|2006|11|11|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| public_support_ended = {{End date|2013|2}}

}}

As of the version released on December 11, 2006, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number.[http://www.java.com/en/about/brand/naming.jsp Java brand naming]. Internal numbering for developers remains 1.6.0.[https://java.sun.com/javase/6/webnotes/version-6.html Version 6], Java webnotes, Sun.

This version was developed under [http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=270 JSR 270].

During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and bug fixes were released approximately weekly. Beta versions were released in February and June 2006, leading up to a final release that occurred on December 11, 2006.

Major changes included in this version:[http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2006-12/sunflash.20061211.1.xml Version 1.6 press release].[https://java.sun.com/javase/6/features.jsp Version 1.6 full list of changes].

• Support for older Win9x versions dropped; unofficially, Java 6 Update 7 was the last release of Java shown to work on these versions of Windows.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This is believed{{by whom|date=November 2011}} to be due to the major changes in Update 10.
• Scripting Language Support (JSR 223): Generic API for tight integration with scripting languages, and built-in Mozilla JavaScript Rhino integration.
• Dramatic performance improvements for the core platform,{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013044209/http://www.javalobby.org/java/forums/t66270.html Java Lobby]}}.{{Cite web|url=http://weblogs.java.net/blog/opinali/archive/2005/11/mustangs_hotspo.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102103432/http://weblogs.java.net/blog/opinali/archive/2005/11/mustangs_hotspo.html|url-status=dead|title=Mustang's HotSpot|archive-date=January 2, 2007}} and Swing.
• Improved Web Service support through JAX-WS (JSR 224).
• JDBC 4.0 support (JSR 221).
• Java Compiler API (JSR 199): an API allowing a Java program to select and invoke a Java Compiler programmatically.
• Upgrade of JAXB to version 2.0: Including integration of a StAX parser.
• Support for pluggable annotations (JSR 269).{{cite web

| url = https://blogs.oracle.com/darcy/entry/an_apt_replacement

| title = An apt replacement

| last = Darcy

| first = Joe

| date = 2008-08-03

| access-date = 2009-07-29}}

• Many GUI improvements, such as integration of SwingWorker in the API, table sorting and filtering, and true Swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect).
• JVM improvements include: synchronization and compiler performance optimizations, new algorithms and upgrades to existing garbage collection algorithms, and application start-up performance.

Java 6 can be installed to Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) running on 64-bit (Core 2 Duo and higher) processor machines.{{cite web|url=https://gephi.org/users/install-java-6-mac-os-x-leopard/ |title=Install Java 6 on Mac OS X Leopard | Gephi, open source graph visualization software |publisher=Gephi.org |access-date=2016-09-30}} Java 6 is also supported by both 32-bit and 64-bit machines running Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard).

Java 6 reached the end of its supported life in February 2013, at which time all public updates, including security updates, were scheduled to be stopped.{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/eol-135779.html|title=Oracle Java SE Support Roadmap|date=September 19, 2012|access-date=October 22, 2012|publisher=Oracle Corporation}}{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/7u15-relnotes-1907738.html|title=Auto-update and update through Java Control Panel of JRE 6 will replace JRE 6 with JRE 7|date=February 19, 2013|access-date=March 2, 2013|publisher=Oracle Corporation}} Oracle released two more updates to Java 6 in March and April 2013, which patched some security vulnerabilities.{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/6u43-relnotes-1915290.html|title=Java SE Development Kit 6, Update 43 Release notes|date=March 4, 2013|access-date=March 4, 2013|publisher=Oracle Corporation}}{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/6u43-relnotes-1915290.html|title=Java SE Development Kit 6, Update 45 Release notes|date=March 4, 2013|access-date=March 4, 2013|publisher=Oracle Corporation}}

After Java 6 release, Sun, and later Oracle, released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/releasenotes-136954.html|title=Java SE 6 Update Release Notes|website=oracle.com}}

{{Anchor|Java 7}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 7

| codename = Dolphin[http://jdk7.java.net/ JDK7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215071733/https://jdk7.java.net/ |date=2016-12-15 }}, Sun.

| released = {{Start date and age|2011|7|28|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| public_support_ended = {{End date|2015|4}}

| paid_support_ended = {{End date|2022|6}}

}}

Java 7 was a major update that launched on July 7, 2011{{cite web|title=Introducing Java 7 Webcast: Moving Java Forward|url=https://www.oracle.com/webapps/events/ns/EventsDetail.jsp?p_eventId=134208&src=7299693&src=7299693&Act=18|publisher=Oracle Corporation|access-date=May 30, 2012|date=July 7, 2011}} and was made available for developers on July 28, 2011.{{Cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/|title=JDK 7|website=openjdk.java.net}} The development period was organized into thirteen milestones; on June 6, 2011, the last of the thirteen milestones was finished.{{cite web|title=JDK 7 Milestones|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/milestones/|work=OpenJDK|publisher=Oracle Corporation|access-date=May 30, 2012}} On average, 8 builds (which generally included enhancements and bug fixes) were released per milestone. The [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/features/ feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project] lists many of the changes.

Additions in Java 7 include:{{cite web|url=https://puredanger.github.io/tech.puredanger.com/java7|title=Java 7|last=Miller|first=Alex|access-date=2024-02-05}}

• JVM support for dynamic languages, with the new invokedynamic bytecode under JSR-292,{{cite web|title=JSR 292: Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the Java Platform|url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=292|access-date=August 25, 2013}} following the prototyping work currently done on the Multi Language Virtual Machine
• Compressed 64-bit pointers{{cite web|title=Compressed oops in the Hotspot JVM|url=https://wikis.oracle.com/display/HotSpotInternals/CompressedOops|publisher=OpenJDK|access-date = 2012-08-01}} (available in Java 6 with -XX:+UseCompressedOops){{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/vmoptions-jsp-140102.html |title=Java HotSpot VM Options |publisher=Oracle |access-date=2013-04-11}}
• Project Coin language features:{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/enhancements.html#javase7 |title=Java Programming Language Enhancements |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Strings in switch{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/strings-switch.html |title=Strings in switch Statements |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Automatic resource management in try-statement aka try-with-resources statement{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/try-with-resources.html |title=The try-with-resources Statement |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Improved type inference for generic instance creation, aka the diamond operator <>{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/type-inference-generic-instance-creation.html |title=Type Inference for Generic Instance Creation |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Simplified varargs method declaration{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/non-reifiable-varargs.html |title=Improved Compiler Warnings When Using Non-Reifiable Formal Parameters with Varargs Methods |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Binary integer literals{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/binary-literals.html |title=Binary Literals |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Allowing underscores in numeric literals{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/underscores-literals.html |title=Underscores in Numeric Literals |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

:* Catching multiple exception types and rethrowing exceptions with improved type checking{{cite web|url=https://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/catch-multiple.html |title=Catching Multiple Exception Types and Rethrowing Exceptions with Improved Type Checking |publisher=Download.oracle.com |access-date=2013-01-15}}

• Concurrency utilities under JSR 166{{cite web|url=https://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/concurrency-interest/index.html|title=Concurrency JSR-166|access-date=2010-04-16}}
• New file I/O library (defined by JSR 203) adding support for multiple file systems, file metadata and symbolic links. The new packages are java.nio.file, java.nio.file.attribute and java.nio.file.spi{{cite web|url=https://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/essential/io/fileio.html |title=File I/O (Featuring NIO.2) |publisher=Java.sun.com |date=2008-03-14 |access-date=2013-01-15}}{{cite web|url=https://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/essential/io/legacy.html |title=Legacy File I/O Code |publisher=Java.sun.com |date=2012-02-28 |access-date=2013-01-15}}
• Timsort is used to sort collections and arrays of objects instead of merge sort
• Library-level support for elliptic curve cryptography algorithms
• An XRender pipeline for Java 2D, which improves handling of features specific to modern GPUs
• New platform APIs for the graphics features originally implemented in version 6u10 as unsupported APIs{{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/features/#f650 |title=JDK 7 Features |publisher=OpenJDK |date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2013-03-15}}
• Enhanced library-level support for new network protocols, including SCTP and Sockets Direct Protocol
• Upstream updates to XML and Unicode
• Java deployment rule sets{{cite web |url=https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/entry/introducing_deployment_rule_sets |title=Introducing Deployment Rule Sets |publisher=Oracle |date=2013-08-21 |access-date=2019-01-22}}

Lambda (Java's implementation of lambda functions), Jigsaw (Java's implementation of modules), and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7, and released as part of Java 8 (except for Jigsaw, which was released in Java 9).{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/javaone/resource/java_keynote/slide_16_full_size.gif|title=JavaOne 2011 Keynote|publisher=Oracle|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026122903/http://blogs.oracle.com/javaone/resource/java_keynote/slide_16_full_size.gif|archive-date = 2011-10-26}}

Java 7 was the default version to download on java.com from April 2012 until Java 8 was released.{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/autoupdate-1667051.html|title=Java 7 Auto-Update and Java 6|publisher=Oracle}}

Oracle issued public updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis[https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/alerts-086861.html Critical Patch Update table shows four dates per year] until April 2015 when the product reached the end of its public availability.{{cite web |url=https://java.com/en/download/faq/java_7.xml |title=End of Java 7 Public Updates |quote=After April 2015, Oracle will no longer post updates of Java SE 7 to its public download sites. Existing Java SE 7 downloads already posted as of April 2015 will remain accessible in the Java Archive on the Oracle Technology Network. Developers and end-users are encouraged to update to more recent Java SE versions that remain available for public download in order to continue receiving public updates and security enhancements. [..] July 2015: Updates for Java 7 are no longer available to the public. Oracle offers updates to Java 7 only for customers who have purchased Java support or have Oracle products that require Java 7.}} Further updates for JDK 7, which continued until July 2022, are only made available to customers with a support contract.{{cite web | url = https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/eol-135779.html | title = Oracle Java SE Support Roadmap | access-date = 2015-01-07 | date = 2014-12-19 | publisher = Oracle Corporation}}

{{Anchor|Java 8}}

{{Infobox Java version

|version name = Java SE 8

|codename = Spider

|lts = yes

|released = {{Start date and age|2014|3|18|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

|jeps = 8

}}

Java 8 was released on March 18, 2014,{{cite web |url=https://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/jdk8-dev/2013-April/002336.html |title=Proposed new schedule for Java 8 |date=2013-04-18 |access-date=2013-04-19}}{{cite web |url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk8/ |title=JDK 8 |publisher=OpenJDK |date=2013-04-18 |access-date=2014-01-28}} and included some features that were planned for Java 7 but later deferred.{{cite web |url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk8/features |title=JDK 8 features |publisher=OpenJDK |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2014-01-28}}

Work on features was organized in terms of JDK Enhancement Proposals (JEPs).{{cite web |url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=337 |title=JSR 337|access-date=2014-01-30}}

• JSR 335, JEP 126: Language-level support for lambda expressions (officially, lambda expressions; unofficially, closures) under Project Lambda{{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/features/#f700|title=Java 7 Features|publisher=Sun Microsystems|date=2010-02-09|access-date=2010-04-16}} and default methods (virtual extension methods){{cite web|url=https://wiki.jvmlangsummit.com/images/7/71/2011_Goetz_Extension.pdf|title=Interface evolution via virtual extension methods|publisher=Brian Goetz|date= 2011-07-20|access-date=2014-03-27}}{{cite web|url= https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/proposalDetails?id=335|title= Lambda Expressions for the Java Programming Language|publisher=Brian Goetz|date= 2012-10-23|access-date = 2014-03-27}}{{cite web|url= https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/defaultmethods.html|title=The Java Tutorials: Default Methods|publisher=Oracle|access-date= 2014-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523042436/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/defaultmethods.html|archive-date=2017-05-23|url-status=dead}} which can be used to add methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations. There was an ongoing debate in the Java community on whether to add support for lambda expressions.{{cite web|url=http://gafter.blogspot.com/2006/08/closures-for-java.html|title=Closures for Java|last=Gafter|first=Neal|date=2006-08-18|access-date=2008-03-09}}{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/jag/entry/closures|title=Closures|last=Gosling|first=James|date=2008-01-31|access-date=2008-03-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722180952/http://blogs.oracle.com/jag/entry/closures|archive-date=2011-07-22|url-status=dead}} Sun later declared that lambda expressions would be included in Java and asked for community input to refine the feature.{{cite web|url=http://mreinhold.org/blog/closures|title=Closures for Java|last=Reinhold|first=Mark|date=2009-11-28|access-date=2009-11-24}} Supporting lambda expressions also enables functional-style operations on streams of elements, such as MapReduce-inspired transformations on collections. Default methods can be used by an author of an API to add new methods to an interface without breaking the old code using it. Although it was not their primary intent, default methods can also be used for multiple inheritance of behavior (but not state).
• {{Java JEP|174|Project Nashorn}}, a JavaScript runtime which can run JavaScript code embedded within applications
• {{Java JEP|104|Annotation on Java types}}
• Unsigned integer arithmetic{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/darcy/unsigned-integer-arithmetic-api-now-in-jdk-8|title=Unsigned Integer Arithmetic API now in JDK 8|first=Joe|last=Darcy|website=blogs.oracle.com}}
• {{Java JEP|120|Repeating annotations}}
• {{Java JEP|150|Date and time API}}
• {{Java JEP|178|Statically-linked JNI libraries}}
• {{Java JEP|153|Launch JavaFX applications}} (direct launching of JavaFX application JARs)
• {{Java JEP|122|Remove the permanent generation}}

Java 8 is not supported on Windows XP{{cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/certconfig-2095354.html#os|title=Oracle JDK 8 and JRE 8 Certified System Configurations|publisher=Oracle Corporation|access-date=2014-04-15}} but as of JDK 8 update 25, it can still be installed and run under Windows XP.{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/henrik/entry/the_future_of_java_on|title=Updated: The future of Java on Windows XP|publisher=Oracle Corporation|first=Henrik|last=Stahl|quote=JDK 8 is not supported on Windows XP. Early versions of JDK 8 had known issues with the installer on Windows XP that prevented it from installing without manual intervention. This was resolved in JDK 8 Update 25. The important point here is that we can no longer provide complete guarantees for Java on Windows XP, since the OS is no longer being updated by Microsoft. We strongly recommend that users upgrade to a newer version of Windows that is still supported by Microsoft in order to maintain a stable and secure environment.|date=2014-07-11|access-date=2014-11-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111174328/https://blogs.oracle.com/henrik/entry/the_future_of_java_on|archive-date = 2014-11-11}} Previous updates of JDK 8 could be run under XP by downloading archived zip format file and unzipping it for the executable. The last version of Java 8 could run on XP is update 251.

From October 2014, Java 8 was the default version to download (and then again the download replacing Java 9) from the official website.{{cite web |first=Tori |last=Wieldt |date=October 27, 2014 |url=https://blogs.oracle.com/java/entry/java_se_8_on_java |title=Java SE 8 on Java.com |work=blog.oracle.com |access-date=November 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129113353/https://blogs.oracle.com/java/entry/java_se_8_on_java |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }} "Oracle will continue to provide Public Updates and auto updates of Java SE 8, Indefinitely for Personal Users".{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/eol-135779.html |title=Oracle Java SE Support Roadmap |access-date=2021-02-17}}

{{Anchor|Java 9}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 9

| released = {{Start date and age|2017|9|21|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 9

| public_death = {{End date|2018|3}}

}}

Java SE 9 was made available on September 21, 2017{{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk9/|title=JDK 9|access-date=2017-06-16}} due to controversial acceptance of the current implementation of Project Jigsaw by Java Executive Committee{{cite web|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3195180/java/java-modularity-specification-opposed-by-red-hat-ibm-is-voted-down.html|title=Java modularity specification opposed by Red Hat, IBM is voted down|access-date=2017-06-16| publisher=InfoWorld|date=2017-05-09}} which led Oracle to fix some open issues and concerns and to refine some critical technical questions. In the last days of June 2017, Java Community Process expressed nearly unanimous consensus on the proposed Module System scheme.{{cite web |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/02/java_9_release_back_on_track/|title=Java 9 release back on track, community votes 'yes' |first=Richard |last=Chirgwin |work=theregister.co.uk |date=July 2, 2017|access-date=2017-07-29}}

• JSR 376: Modularization of the JDK under Project Jigsaw (Java Platform Module System){{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jigsaw/|title=Project Jigsaw|publisher=OpenJDK}}
  {{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jigsaw/doc/draft-java-module-system-requirements-12|title=Java Module-System Requirements — DRAFT 12|publisher=Oracle}}
  {{cite web |last=Krill |first=Paul |date=2012-07-18 |df=mdy |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2078598/project-jigsaw-delayed-until-java-9.html |title=Project Jigsaw delayed until Java 9 |work=InfoWorld |access-date=2020-07-15}}
• JavaDB was removed from JDK{{cite web|title=Java Platform, Standard Edition Oracle JDK 9 Migration Guide|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/migrate/toc.htm|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}
• {{Java JEP|193|Variable handles}}, define a standard means to invoke the equivalents of various java.util.concurrent.atomic and sun.misc.Unsafe operations
• {{Java JEP|213|Milling Project Coin}}, allow @SafeVarargs on private instance methods; Allow effectively-final variables to be used as resources in the try-with-resources statement; Allow diamond with anonymous classes if the argument type of the inferred type is denotable; Complete the removal, begun in Java SE 8, of underscore from the set of legal identifier names; Support for private methods in interfaces
• {{Java JEP|222|jshell: The Java Shell (Read-Eval-Print Loop)}}: JShell is a REPL command-line interface for the Java language.{{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/kulla/|title=OpenJDK: Project Kulla}}
• {{Java JEP|254|Compact Strings}}
• {{Java JEP|263|HiDPI graphics: automatic scaling and sizing}}
• {{Java JEP|266|More concurrency updates}}, it includes a Java implementation of Reactive Streams,{{Cite web|url=http://cs.oswego.edu/pipermail/concurrency-interest/2015-January/013641.html|title=[concurrency-interest] jdk9 Candidate classes Flow and Submission Publisher|first=Doug|last=Lea|date=January 15, 2015|access-date=December 24, 2015|archive-date=January 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120055013/http://cs.oswego.edu/pipermail/concurrency-interest/2015-January/013641.html|url-status=dead}} including a new Flow class{{Cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/Flow.html|title=Flow (Java SE 9 & JDK 9 )|website=docs.oracle.com}} that included the interfaces previously provided by Reactive Streams[http://www.infoq.com/news/2015/06/Reactive-Streams-JVM-Version Reactive Streams Releases First Stable Version for JVM]
• {{Java JEP|268|XML catalogs}}
• {{Java JEP|282|jlink: The Java Linker}}, create a tool that can assemble and optimize a set of modules and their dependencies into a custom run-time image. It effectively allows to produce a fully usable executable including the JVM to run it
• {{Java JEP|295|Ahead-of-Time Compilation}}, ahead-of-time compilation provided by GraalVM

The first Java 9 release candidate was released on August 9, 2017.{{cite web|url=https://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/jdk9-dev/2017-August/005940.html|title=JDK 9: First Release Candidate|date=2017-08-09|access-date=2017-08-21}} The first stable release of Java 9 was on September 21, 2017.{{cite web|url=https://www.techworld.com/news/developers/java-9-release-date-new-features-3660988/|title=Java 9: Release date and new features|publisher=techworld.com|date=2017-07-21|access-date=2017-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207050626/https://www.techworld.com/news/developers/java-9-release-date-new-features-3660988/|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk9/|title=JDK 9|publisher=Oracle Corporation|access-date=2017-09-16}}

At JavaOne 2011, Oracle discussed features they hoped to release for Java 9 in 2016.{{cite web | url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/938806/mark-your-calendar-java-9-finally-has-a-release-date.html | title=Mark your calendar: Java 9 finally has a release date| date=2015-05-07}} Java 9 should include better support for multi-gigabyte heaps, better native code integration, a different default garbage collector (G1, for "shorter response times"){{Cite web|url=https://jaxenter.com/java-9s-new-garbage-collector-whats-changing-whats-staying-118313.html|title=Java 9's new garbage collector: What's changing? What's staying?|date=June 26, 2015}} and a self-tuning JVM.{{cite web

| url = https://drdobbs.com/blogs/java/231900029

| title = JavaOne: JavaFX 2, Java on iOS}} In early 2016, the release of Java 9 was rescheduled for March 2017{{cite web | url=http://news.filehippo.com/2016/01/java-9-release-date-now-march-2017/ | title=Java 9 Release Date Now March 2017| date=2016-01-05}} and later again postponed four more months to July 2017.{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/09/14/jdk_9_release_delay/|title=JDK 9 release delayed another four months|access-date=2016-10-14| publisher=The Register}}

{{Anchor|Java 10}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 10

| released = {{Start date and age|2018|3|20|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 12

| public_death = {{End date|2018|9}}

}}

OpenJDK 10 was released on March 20, 2018, with twelve new features confirmed.{{cite web|title=JDK 10|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/10/}} Among these features were:

• {{Java JEP|286|Local-Variable Type Inference}}
• {{Java JEP|296|Consolidate the JDK Forest into a Single Repository}}
• {{Java JEP|304|Garbage-Collector Interface}}
• {{Java JEP|307|Parallel Full GC for G1}}
• {{Java JEP|310|Application Class-Data Sharing}}
• {{Java JEP|312|Thread-Local Handshakes}}
• {{Java JEP|313|Remove the Native-Header Generation Tool (javah)}}
• {{Java JEP|314|Additional Unicode Language-Tag Extensions}}
• {{Java JEP|316|Heap Allocation on Alternative Memory Devices}}
• {{Java JEP|317|Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler}}
• {{Java JEP|319|Root Certificates}}
• {{Java JEP|322|Time-Based Release Versioning}}

The first of these JEP 286 Local-Variable Type Inference, allows the var keyword to be used for local variables with the actual type calculated by the compiler. Due to this change, developers can do the following instead of manually specifying the variable's type:

var list = new ArrayList(); // infers ArrayList

var stream = list.stream(); // infers Stream

{{Anchor|Java 11}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 11

| lts = yes

| released = {{Start date and age|2018|9|25|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 17

| removed = Java applets, Java Web Start, JavaFX, JavaEE, and CORBA modules

}}

JDK 11 was released on September 25, 2018 and the version is currently open for bug fixes. It offers LTS, or Long-Term Support. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as:{{cite web|last=OpenJDK|title=JDK 11|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/11/}}

• {{Java JEP|181|Nest-Based Access Control}}
• {{Java JEP|309|Dynamic Class-File Constants}}
• {{Java JEP|315|Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics}}
• {{Java JEP|318|Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector}}
• {{Java JEP|320|Remove the Java EE and CORBA Modules}}
• {{Java JEP|321|HTTP Client (Standard)}}
• {{Java JEP|323|Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters}}
• {{Java JEP|324|Key Agreement with Curve25519 and Curve448}}
• {{Java JEP|327|Unicode 10}}
• {{Java JEP|328|Flight Recorder}}
• {{Java JEP|329|ChaCha20 and Poly1305 Cryptographic Algorithms}}
• {{Java JEP|330|Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs}}
• {{Java JEP|331|Low-Overhead Heap Profiling}}
• {{Java JEP|332|Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3}}
• {{Java JEP|333|ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector (Experimental)}}
• {{Java JEP|335|Deprecate the Nashorn JavaScript Engine}}
• {{Java JEP|336|Deprecate the Pack200 Tools and API}}

A number of features from previous releases were dropped; in particular, Java applets and Java Web Start are no longer available. JavaFX, Java EE and CORBA modules have been removed from JDK.{{cite web |title=Oracle JDK Migration Guide |url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/migrate/index.html |website=Oracle Help Center |access-date=27 September 2018}}

{{Anchor|Java 12}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 12

| released = {{Start date and age|2019|3|19|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 8

| previews = Enhanced switch statements

| public_death = {{End date|2019|9}}

}}

JDK 12 was released on March 19, 2019. Among others, Java 12 includes a number of new features, such as:{{cite web|last=OpenJDK|title= 12|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/12/}}

• {{Java JEP|189|Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector (Experimental)}}
• {{Java JEP|230|Microbenchmark Suite}}
• {{Java JEP|325|Switch Expressions (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|334|JVM Constants API}}
• {{Java JEP|340|One AArch64 Port, Not Two}}
• {{Java JEP|341|Default CDS Archives}}
• {{Java JEP|344|Abortable Mixed Collections for G1}}
• {{Java JEP|346|Promptly Return Unused Committed Memory from G1}}

The preview feature JEP 325 extends the switch statement so it can also be used as an expression, and adds a new form of case label where the right hand side is an expression. No break statement is needed. For complex expressions a yield statement can be used. This becomes standard in Java SE 14.

int ndays = switch(month) {

case JAN, MAR, MAY, JUL, AUG, OCT, DEC -> 31;

case APR, JUN, SEP, NOV -> 30;

case FEB -> {

if (year % 400 == 0) yield 29;

else if (year % 100 == 0) yield 28;

else if (year % 4 == 0) yield 29;

else yield 28; }

};

{{Anchor|Java 13}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 13

| released = {{Start date and age|2019|9|17|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 5

| previews = Enhanced switch statements, text blocks

| public_death = {{End date|2023|3}}{{Cite web |title=Azul Support Roadmap |url=https://www.azul.com/products/azul-support-roadmap/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Azul {{!}} Better Java Performance, Superior Java Support |language=en-US}}

}}

JDK 13 was released on September 17, 2019. Java 13 includes the following new features, as well as "hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes".{{Cite web|url=https://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/announce/2019-September/000274.html|title=Java 13 / JDK 13: General Availability|first=mark reinhold at|last=oracle.com|date=September 17, 2019}}

• {{Java JEP|350|Dynamic CDS Archives}}
• {{Java JEP|351|ZGC: Uncommit Unused Memory}}
• {{Java JEP|353|Reimplement the Legacy Socket API}}
• {{Java JEP|354|Switch Expressions (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|355|Text Blocks (Preview)}}

JEP 355 Text Blocks allows multiline string literals:

String html = """

Hello, world

""";

{{Anchor|Java 14}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 14

| released = {{Start date and age|2020|3|17|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 16

| features = Helpful NullPointerExceptions, enhanced switch statements

| removed = Remove Concurrent Mark Sweep garbage collector

| previews = Pattern matching for instanceof, records, text blocks

| incubating = jpackager, Foreign memory access

| public_death = {{End date|2020|9}}

}}

JDK 14 was released on March 17, 2020. Java 14 includes the following new features, as well as "hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes".{{Cite web|url=https://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/announce/2020-March/000282.html|title=Java 14 / JDK 14: General Availability|first=mark reinhold at|last=oracle.com|date=March 17, 2020}}

• {{Java JEP|305|Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|343|Packaging Tool (Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|345|NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1}}
• {{Java JEP|349|JFR Event Streaming}}
• {{Java JEP|352|Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers}}
• {{Java JEP|358|Helpful NullPointerExceptions}}
• {{Java JEP|359|Records (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|361|Switch Expressions (Standard)}}
• {{Java JEP|362|Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports}}
• {{Java JEP|363|Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector}}
• {{Java JEP|364|ZGC on macOS}}
• {{Java JEP|365|ZGC on Windows}}
• {{Java JEP|366|Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination}}
• {{Java JEP|367|Remove the Pack200 Tools and API}}
• {{Java JEP|368|Text Blocks (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|370|Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)}}

JEP 305, Pattern Matching for instanceof simplifies the common case of an instanceof test being immediately followed by cast, replacing

if (obj instanceof String) {

String s = (String)obj;

System.out.println(s.length());

}

with

if (obj instanceof String s) {

System.out.println(s.length());

}

JEP 359 Records allows easy creation of simple immutable Tuple-like classes.{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Ben |title=Records Come to Java |url=https://blogs.oracle.com/javamagazine/records-come-to-java |website=Java Magazine |publisher=Oracle |access-date=10 July 2021 |date=January 10, 2020}}

record Point(int x, int y) { }

Point p = new Point(3, 4);

System.out.println(p.x());

{{Anchor|Java 15}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 15

| released = {{Start date and age|2020|9|15|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 14

| features = Hidden classes, ZGC (garbage collector), Shenandoah (garbage collector), text blocks

| removed = JavaScript engine, Solaris and SPARC ports

| previews = Sealed classes, pattern matching of instanceof, records

| incubating = Foreign-memory access

| public_death = {{End date|2023|3}}

}}

JDK 15 was released on September 15, 2020. Java 15 adds e.g. support for multi-line string literals (aka Text Blocks). The Shenandoah and Z garbage collectors (latter sometimes abbreviated ZGC) are now ready for use in production (i.e. no longer marked experimental). Support for Oracle's Solaris operating system (and SPARC CPUs) is dropped (while still available in e.g. Java 11). The Nashorn JavaScript Engine is removed. Also removed some root CA certificates.

• {{Java JEP|339|Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)}}
• {{Java JEP|360|Sealed Classes (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|371|Hidden Classes}}
• {{Java JEP|372|Remove the Nashorn JavaScript Engine}}
• {{Java JEP|373|Reimplement the Legacy DatagramSocket API}}
• {{Java JEP|374|Disable and Deprecate Biased Locking}}
• {{Java JEP|375|Pattern Matching for instanceof (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|377|ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector}}
• {{Java JEP|378|Text Blocks}}
• {{Java JEP|379|Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector}}
• {{Java JEP|381|Remove the Solaris and SPARC Ports}}
• {{Java JEP|383|Foreign-Memory Access API (Second Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|384|Records (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|385|Deprecate RMI Activation for Removal}}

JEP 360 Sealed Classes adds sealed classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. Only those classes specified in a permits clause may extend the class or interface.

package com.example.geometry;

public abstract sealed class Shape

permits Circle, Rectangle, Square {...}

Together with records, sealed classes are sum types. They work well with other recent features like records, switch expressions, and pattern matching for instance-of. They all form part of a system for "Pattern matching in Java" first discussed by Gavin Bierman and Brian Goetz, in September 2018.{{cite web|access-date=2024-06-18|url=https://openjdk.org/projects/amber/design-notes/patterns/pattern-matching-for-java|title=Pattern Matching for Java|author1=Gavin Bierman|author2=Brian Goetz|date=September 2018|website=openjdk.org}}

{{Anchor|Java 16}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 16

| released = {{Start date and age|2021|3|16|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 17

| features = Windows/AArch64 Port, jpackager, pattern matching for instanceof, records

| previews = Sealed classes

| incubating = Foreign linker, Foreign-memory access

| public_death = {{End date|2021|9}}

}}

JDK 16 was released on March 16, 2021. Java 16 removes Ahead-of-Time compilation (and Graal JIT) options.{{Cite web|title=[JDK-8255616] Removal of experimental features AOT and Graal JIT – Java Bug System|url=https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8255616|access-date=2021-02-19|website=bugs.openjdk.java.net}} The Java implementation itself was and is still written in C++, while as of Java 16, more recent C++14 (but still not e.g. C++17 or C++20) is allowed. The code was also moved to GitHub, dropping Mercurial as the source control system.

• {{Java JEP|338|Vector API (Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|347|Enable C++14 Language Features}}
• {{Java JEP|357|Migrate from Mercurial to Git}}
• {{Java JEP|369|Migrate to GitHub}}
• {{Java JEP|376|ZGC: Concurrent Thread-Stack Processing}}
• {{Java JEP|380|Unix-Domain Socket Channels}}
• {{Java JEP|386|Alpine Linux Port}}{{snd}} not yet stable
• {{Java JEP|387|Elastic Metaspace}}
• {{Java JEP|388|Windows/AArch64 Port}}
• {{Java JEP|389|Foreign Linker API (Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|390|Warnings for Value-Based Classes}}
• {{Java JEP|392|Packaging Tool}}
• {{Java JEP|393|Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|394|Pattern Matching for instanceof}}
• {{Java JEP|395|Records}}
• {{Java JEP|396|Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default}}
• {{Java JEP|397|Sealed Classes (Second Preview)}}

{{Anchor|Java 17}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 17

| lts = yes

| released = {{Start date and age|2021|9|14|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 14

| features = macOS/AArch64 Port, sealed classes

| removed = AOT compiler, RMI activation, strictfp keyword made obsolete (JEP 306)

| previews = Switch pattern matching

| incubating = Vector API, Foreign function & memory API

}}

JDK 17 was released in September 2021.{{Cite web|title=JDK 17|url=https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/17/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=openjdk.java.net}} Java 17 is the 2nd long-term support (LTS) release since switching to the new 6-month release cadence (the first being Java 11).

• {{Java JEP|306|Restore Always-Strict Floating-Point Semantics}}
• {{Java JEP|356|Enhanced Pseudo-Random Number Generators}}
• {{Java JEP|382|New macOS Rendering Pipeline}}
• {{Java JEP|391|macOS/AArch64 Port}}
• {{Java JEP|398|Deprecate the Applet API for Removal}}
• {{Java JEP|403|Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals}}
• {{Java JEP|406|Pattern Matching for switch (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|407|Remove RMI Activation}}
• {{Java JEP|409|Sealed Classes}}
• {{Java JEP|410|Remove the Experimental AOT and JIT Compiler}}
• {{Java JEP|411|Deprecate the Security Manager for Removal}}
• {{Java JEP|412|Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|414|Vector API (Second Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|415|Context-Specific Deserialization Filters}}

JEP 406 extends the pattern matching syntax used in instanceof operations to switch statements and expressions. It allows cases to be selected based on the type of the argument, null cases and refining patterns

Object o = ...;

return switch (o) {

case null -> "Null";

case String s -> "String %s".formatted(s);

case Long l -> "long %d".formatted(l);

case Double d -> "double %f".formatted(d);

case Integer i && i > 0 // refining patterns

-> "positive int %d".formatted(i);

case Integer i && i == 0

-> "zero int %d".formatted(i);

case Integer i && i < 0

-> "negative int %d".formatted(i);

default -> o.toString();

};

{{Anchor|Java 18}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 18

| released = {{Start date and age|2022|3|22|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 9

| features = {{ubl|UTF by default|Javadoc code snippets}}

| removed = Deprecated finalization for removal

| previews = Switch pattern matching

| incubating = {{ubl|Vector API|Foreign function & memory API}}

| public_death = {{End date|2022|9}}

}}

JDK 18 was released on March 22, 2022.{{Cite web |title=JDK 18 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/18/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=openjdk.org}}

• {{Java JEP|400|UTF-8 by Default}}
• {{Java JEP|408|Simple Web Server}}
• {{Java JEP|413|Code Snippets in Java API Documentation}}
• {{Java JEP|416|Reimplement Core Reflection with Method Handles}}
• {{Java JEP|417|Vector API (Third Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|418|Internet-Address Resolution SPI}}
• {{Java JEP|419|Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|420|Pattern Matching for switch (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|421|Deprecate Finalization for Removal}}

{{Anchor|Java 19}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 19

| released = {{Start date and age|2022|9|20|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 7

| previews = {{ubl|Foreign function & memory API|Switch pattern matching}}

| incubating = {{ubl|Vector API|Structured concurrency}}

| lts = no

| public_death = {{End date|2023|3}}

}}

JDK 19 was released on 20 September 2022.{{Cite web |title=JDK 19 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/19/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=openjdk.org}}

• {{Java JEP|405|Record Patterns (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|422|Linux/RISC-V Port}}
• {{Java JEP|424|Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|425|Virtual Threads (Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|426|Vector API (Fourth Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|427|Pattern Matching for switch (Third Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|428|Structured Concurrency (Incubator)}}

JEP 405 allows record patterns, extending the pattern matching capabilities of instanceof operators, and switch expressions, to include record patterns that explicitly refer to the components of the record.

record Rectangle(int x, int y, int w, int h) {}

int area(Object o) {

if (o instanceof Rectangle(int x, int y, int w, int h)) {

return w * h;

}

return 0;

}

Such patterns can include nested patterns, where the components of records are themselves records, allowing patterns to match more object graphs.

{{Anchor|Java 20}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 20

| lts = no

| released = {{Start date and age|2023|3|21|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 7

| incubating = Scoped values

| public_support_ended = {{End date|2023|9}}

}}

Java 20 was released on 21 March 2023.{{Cite web |title=JDK 20 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/20/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=openjdk.org}} All JEPs were either incubators or previews.

• {{Java JEP|429|Scoped Values (Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|432|Record Patterns (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|433|Pattern Matching for switch (Fourth Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|434|Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|436|Virtual Threads (Second Preview)}}
• {{Java JEP|437|Structured Concurrency (Second Incubator)}}
• {{Java JEP|438|Vector API (Fifth Incubator)}}

{{Anchor|Java 21}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 21

| lts = yes

| released = {{Start date and age|2023|9|19|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 15

| features = Record patterns, pattern matching for switch, virtual threads

| previews = String templates, unnamed classes and main methods

| incubating = Vector API

}}

Java 21 was released on 19 September 2023.{{Cite web |title=JDK 21 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/21/ |access-date=June 12, 2023 |website=OpenJDK}} The 32-bit version of Java for Windows on x86 was deprecated for removal with this release. The following JEPs were added, including eight JEPs that graduated from the incubating and preview stages, compared to Java 20 which only had previewing and incubating JEPs. Java 21 introduces features first previewed in Java 17 (pattern matching for switch statements) and Java 19 (record patterns). All JEPs added with Java 21 include the following:

1. {{Java JEP|430|String Templates (Preview)}}
2. {{Java JEP|431|Sequenced Collections}}
3. {{Java JEP|439|Generational ZGC}}
4. {{Java JEP|440|Record Patterns}}
5. {{Java JEP|441|Pattern Matching for switch}}
6. {{Java JEP|442|Foreign Function & Memory API (Third Preview)}}
7. {{Java JEP|443|Unnamed Patterns and Variables (Preview)}}
8. {{Java JEP|444|Virtual Threads}}
9. {{Java JEP|445|Unnamed Classes and Instance Main Methods (Preview)}}
10. {{Java JEP|446|Scoped Values (Preview)}}
11. {{Java JEP|448|Vector API (Sixth Incubator)}}
12. {{Java JEP|449|Deprecate the Windows 32-bit x86 Port for Removal}}
13. {{Java JEP|451|Prepare to Disallow the Dynamic Loading of Agents}}
14. {{Java JEP|452|Key Encapsulation Mechanism API}}
15. {{Java JEP|453|Structured Concurrency (Preview)}}

JEP 445, previewing unnamed classes, allows for a barebones Main class without boilerplate code:

void main() {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

}

instead of :

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

}

}

{{anchor|Java 22}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 22

| released = {{Start date and age|2024|3|19|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| lts = no

| jeps = 12

| public_support_ended = {{End date|2024|9}}

| features = Foreign function and memory API, unnamed variables and patterns

| previews = Structured concurrency, string templates

| incubating = Vector API

}}

Java 22 was released on March 19, 2024.{{Cite web |title=JDK 22 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/22/ |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=OpenJDK}}{{Cite web |title=Oracle Releases Java 22 |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/oracle-releases-java-22-2024-03-19/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=oracle.com}} The following features, or JEPs, were added with this release:

1. {{Java JEP|423|Region Pinning for G1}}
2. {{Java JEP|447|Statements before super(...) (Preview)}}
3. {{Java JEP|454|Foreign Function & Memory API}}
4. {{Java JEP|456|Unnamed Variables & Patterns}}
5. {{Java JEP|457|Class-File API (Preview)}}
6. {{Java JEP|458|Launch Multi-File Source-Code Programs}}
7. {{Java JEP|459|String Templates (Second Preview)}}
8. {{Java JEP|460|Vector API (Seventh Incubator)}}
9. {{Java JEP|461|Stream Gatherers (Preview)}}
10. {{Java JEP|462|Structured Concurrency (Second Preview)}}
11. {{Java JEP|463|Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Second Preview)}}
12. {{Java JEP|464|Scoped Values (Second Preview)}}

An API related to Java's threading implementation, java.lang.Thread.countStackFrames, was removed.{{Cite web |title=Remove Thread.countStackFrames |url=https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8309196 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=bugs.openjdk.org}}{{Cite web |title=Java SE 22 (JSR 397) |url=https://cr.openjdk.org/~iris/se/22/latestSpec/#APIs-removed |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=cr.openjdk.org}}

{{clear}}

{{anchor|Java 23}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 23

| released = {{Start date and age|2024|9|17|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 12

| features = Markdown documentation comments

| previews = Primitive types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch, Class-File API, Stream Gatherers, Module import declarations, Implicitly declared classes and instance main methods, structured concurrency, scoped values, flexible constructor bodies

| incubating = Vector API

| supported = yes

}}

Java 23 was released on September 17, 2024,{{Cite web |title=Java SE 23 Platform JSR 398 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/23/spec/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=openjdk.org}}{{Cite web |title=JDK 23 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/23/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=openjdk.org}}{{Cite web |title=Oracle Releases Java 23 |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/oracle-releases-java-23-2024-09-17/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=oracle.com}} with the following JEPs:

1. {{Java JEP|455|Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Preview)}}
2. {{Java JEP|466|Class-File API (Second Preview)}}
3. {{Java JEP|467|Markdown Documentation Comments}}
4. {{Java JEP|469|Vector API (Eighth Incubator)}}
5. {{Java JEP|473|Stream Gatherers (Second Preview)}}
6. {{Java JEP|471|Deprecate the Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe for Removal}}
7. {{Java JEP|474|ZGC: Generational Mode by Default}}
8. {{Java JEP|476|Module Import Declarations (Preview)}}
9. {{Java JEP|477|Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Third Preview)}}
10. {{Java JEP|480|Structured Concurrency (Third Preview)}}
11. {{Java JEP|481|Scoped Values (Third Preview)}}
12. {{Java JEP|482|Flexible Constructor Bodies (Second Preview)}}

The String Templates preview feature was removed in Java 23 due to issues with the design of the feature.{{Cite mailing list |last=Bierman |first=Gavin |title=Update on String Templates (JEP 459) |mailing-list=Amber Expert Group |date=2024-04-05 |url=https://mail.openjdk.org/pipermail/amber-spec-experts/2024-April/004106.html |access-date=2024-09-25}}

{{clear}}

{{Anchor|Java 24}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 24

| released = {{Start date and age|2025|3|18|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 24

| supported = yes

}}

The specification for Java 24 was finalized in December 2024, with 24 JEPs making it into the release and it was released on 18 March 2025.{{Cite web |title=Java SE 24 Platform JSR 399 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/24/spec/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=openjdk.org}}

The following JEPs were targeted to this version of Java SE:{{cite web |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/24/ |title=JDK 24 |website=OpenJDK |publisher=Oracle Corporation |access-date=November 9, 2024}}

1. {{Java JEP|404|Generational Shenandoah (Experimental)}}
2. {{Java JEP|450|Compact Object Headers (Experimental)}} (formerly known as Project Lilliput)
3. {{Java JEP|472|Prepare to Restrict the Use of JNI}}
4. {{Java JEP|475|Late Barrier Expansion for G1}}
5. {{Java JEP|478|Key Derivation Function API (Preview)}}
6. {{Java JEP|479|Remove the Windows 32-bit x86 Port}}
7. {{Java JEP|483|Ahead-of-Time Class Loading & Linking}}
8. {{Java JEP|484|Class-File API}}
9. {{Java JEP|485|Stream Gatherers}}
10. {{Java JEP|486|Permanently Disable the Security Manager}}
11. {{Java JEP|487|Scoped Values (Fourth Preview)}}
12. {{Java JEP|488|Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Second Preview)}}
13. {{Java JEP|489|Vector API (Ninth Incubator)}}
14. {{Java JEP|490|ZGC: Remove the Non-Generational Mode}}
15. {{Java JEP|491|Synchronize Virtual Threads without Pinning}}
16. {{Java JEP|492|Flexible Constructor Bodies (Third Preview)}}
17. {{Java JEP|493|Linking Run-Time Images without JMODs}}
18. {{Java JEP|494|Module Import Declarations (Second Preview)}}
19. {{Java JEP|495|Simple Source Files and Instance Main Methods (Fourth Preview)}}
20. {{Java JEP|496|Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism}}
21. {{Java JEP|497|Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm}}
22. {{Java JEP|498|Warn upon Use of Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe}}
23. {{Java JEP|499|Structured Concurrency (Fourth Preview)}}
24. {{Java JEP|501|Deprecate the 32-bit x86 Port for Removal}}

{{Clear}}

{{Anchor|Java 25}}

{{Infobox Java version

| version name = Java SE 25

| lts = yes

| released = {{Start date and age|2025|9|df=y|br=yes|paren=yes}}

| jeps = 0

| unreleased = yes

}}

{{As of|2024|December}}, the specification for Java 25 has not yet been finalized. Java 25 is scheduled for release in September 2025.{{Cite web |title=Java SE 25 Platform JSR 400 |url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/25/spec/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=openjdk.org}}

{{Clear}}

• [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/valhalla/ Project Valhalla]: Value classes, whose objects lack identity, but can in certain cases get an improved memory layout (with less indirection), or have their allocation optimized away entirely.
• [https://openjdk.java.net/projects/panama/ Project Panama]:
• Improved interoperability with native code, to enable Java source code to call functions and use data types from other languages, in a way that is easier and has better performance than today (this part of Project Panama is getting stabilized in Java 22 under [https://openjdk.org/jeps/454 JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API]).
• Vector API, a portable and relatively low-level abstraction layer for SIMD programming. Its stabilization is dependent on Project Valhalla.
• [https://wiki.openjdk.org/display/lilliput Project Lilliput]: Reduce the size of Java object headers. First down to 64 bits, and then down to 32 bits.
• Reducing startup time and warm-up time (time to peak performance) in JIT mode:
• [https://openjdk.org/projects/crac/ Project CRaC] enables making snapshots of whole JVM (together with the running application) and restoring it with necessary adjustments (reopening files, sockets, etc).
• [https://openjdk.org/projects/leyden/ Project Leyden], among other things, will allow partial or (in the long term) full AOT compiling, reducing overall dynamism (by adopting so called "closed-world constraints") to reduce dynamic compiling overhead.
• [https://openjdk.org/projects/babylon/ Project Babylon] aims to extend the Java language's reach to alternative programming models with an enhancement to its reflective programming abilities, called code reflection (i.e., reflection over code itself). The stated main goal is to run Java code on GPUs, with SQL and other programming models as secondary targets.

The officially supported Java platform, first developed at Sun and now stewarded by Oracle, is Java SE. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java's early history as proprietary software. In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research. Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat, which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment.

Visual J++ and the Microsoft Java Virtual Machine were created as incompatible implementations. After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the .NET platform. In 2021, Microsoft started distributing compatible "Microsoft Build of OpenJDK" for Java 11 first then also for Java 17. Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS.

Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul's Zing. Azul offers certified open source OpenJDK builds under the Zulu moniker.

Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun's implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform. Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in 2012.

The Apache Harmony project was started shortly before the release of OpenJDK. After Sun's initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license, in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK. Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Android incorporated parts of the Harmony project, supplemented with Google's own Dalvik virtual machine and ART. Apache Harmony has since been retired, and Google has switched its Harmony components with equivalent ones from OpenJDK.

Both Jikes and Jikes RVM are open-source research projects that IBM developed.

Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9{{Cite web|url=https://developer.ibm.com/javasdk/downloads/|title=Downloads – Overview|date=July 18, 2016}} but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation. JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions.

{{reflist|refs=

{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/java-sdk-lifecycle-dates|title=IBM Java SDK lifecycle}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/semeru-runtimes-support|title=IBM Semeru Runtimes lifecycle}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.azul.com/products/azul-support-roadmap|title=Azul JDK roadmap}}

{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/corretto/faqs|title = Amazon Corretto support calendar}}

{{Cite web|url=https://access.redhat.com/articles/1299013|title = Red Hat OpenJDK Life Cycle and Support Policy| date=19 November 2023 }}

{{Cite web|url=https://bell-sw.com/support/#roadmap|title = Liberica JDK roadmap}}

{{Cite web|url=https://adoptium.net/support|title = Eclipse Temurin Release Roadmap}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/java-se-support-roadmap.html|title=Oracle Java SE Support Roadmap|website=oracle.com}}

}}

• [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/ Official Java SE Downloads]
• [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/java-se-support-roadmap.html Sun Java Supported versions and EOL]
• [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/archive/ Downloads archive for older version of Java]
• [https://www.java.com/releases/ JDK Releases]
• [https://javaalmanac.io/ The Java Version Almanac]

{{Java (software platform)}}

Category:History of software

Category:Java platform

Category:Software version histories

Category:Articles with example Java code