Jean Bart-class cruiser

File:French cruiser Amiral Cécille in Villefranche NH 88804.jpg

The French naval minister, Charles-Eugène Galiber, drew up specifications for a new commerce raiding cruiser in mid-1885, which he submitted to the {{lang|fr|Conseil des Travaux}} (Council of Works) for consideration on 12 June. The new ship was to generally follow the pattern of the earlier cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Amiral Cécille||2}}, but slightly smaller and a revised armament. Unlike Amiral Cécille, which carried a large secondary battery, the new ship would carry only a few medium guns. The {{lang|fr|Conseil}} examined Galiber's proposal in a meeting on 15 July, and they approved it largely without changes, apart from increasing the displacement from {{cvt|3700|t|lk=on}} to {{cvt|4100|t}}. Galiber took the revised specifications and forwarded them to France's shipyards on 21 July to request refined design proposals.{{sfn|Roberts|p=220}}

Eight shipyards responded by early 1886, which the {{lang|fr|Conseil}} examined in a meeting on 2 March. They accepted four of the proposals for further refinement, and on 31 July, two of these were formally accepted. The first, drawn up by Jules Thibaudier, became Jean Bart; the second became the similar cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Alger||2}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=220}} Because they were approved at the same time and were generally similar, the two ships are sometimes considered to be the same class, and are referred to as the Alger class,{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}} but they are in fact different designs that vary considerably in their particulars.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=220–222}}

By this time, Admiral Théophile Aube had replaced Galiber as naval minister. Aube was an ardent supporter of the {{lang|fr|Jeune École}} doctrine, which envisioned using a combination of cruisers and torpedo boats to defend France and attack enemy merchant shipping. By the time Aube had come to office, the French Navy had laid down three large protected cruisers that were intended to serve as commerce raiders: {{ship|French cruiser|Sfax||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Tage||2}}, and Amiral Cécille. His proposed budget called for another six large cruisers and ten smaller vessels, but by the time it was approved later in 1886, it had been modified to three large cruisers, two medium cruisers, and six small cruisers.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=158–159, 172}}

To meet the requirement for the large vessels, Aube ordered a second member of the Jean Bart class, which was named Dupuy de Lôme. In November, the second ship was cancelled in favor of a second member of the Alger class, but on 1 March 1887, the navy ordered another Jean Bart-class cruiser named {{ship|French cruiser|Isly||2}}. The ships were originally intended to carry a three-masted barque sailing rig, but on 4 May 1888, Jules François Émile Krantz, who was by then the naval minister, ordered the rig to be removed in favor of heavy military masts. The light armament was also revised, as the masts were intended to carry some of these guns.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=220–222}} The Jean Bart class and Alger proved to be the last of the large commerce-raiding cruisers built for the French fleet ordered by Aube.{{sfn|Fisher|p=238}} The French Navy would later return to the idea with {{ship|French cruiser|Guichen|1897|2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Châteaurenault|1898|2}} in the late 1890s.{{sfn|Ropp|p=284}}

File:French cruiser Jean Bart plan and profile.jpg

The ships of the Jean Bart class were {{cvt|107.7|m|ftin}} long at the waterline and {{cvt|109.6|m|ftin}} long overall, with a beam of {{cvt|13.3|m|ftin}} and am average draft of {{cvt|6.05|m|ftin}}, which increased to {{cvt|6.4|m|ftin}} aft. They displaced {{cvt|4165|t}} normally, and at full load, Jean Bart and Isly displaced {{cvt|4436|and|4300|t}}, respectively. Their hulls featured a pronounced ram bow and a tumblehome shape, along with a sloped, overhanging stern. The bow was not strengthened to allow the ships to ram an opponent, however. The ships had a minimal superstructure, consisting primarily of a small conning tower and bridge forward. The cruisers carried a pair of heavy military masts fitted with fighting tops for some of their light guns and observation positions. Their crew varied over the course of their careers, amounting to 331–405 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{sfn|Roberts|pp=220–221}}

The ship's propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal, 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines for Jean Bart and Isly, driving two screw propellers in both vessels. Steam was provided by eight coal-burning fire-tube boilers. Each ships' boilers were ducted into two funnels. Their machinery was rated to produce {{convert|7700|ihp|lk=on}} for Jean Bart and {{cvt|8100|ihp}} for Isly; both ships were to have a top speed of {{convert|19|kn|lk=in}}, but on speed trials, Jean Bart made just {{convert|18.41|kn}} from {{cvt|7707|ihp}} while Isly reached just {{convert|18.28|kn}} from {{cvt|8252|ihp}}. Normal coal storage amounted to {{cvt|750|t}} for Jean Bart and {{cvt|880|t}} for Isly, but up to {{cvt|940|t}} could be carried. This permitted a cruising radius of {{convert|7014|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}}

File:French cruiser Isly NH 66050.jpg

The ships were armed with a main battery of four {{cvt|164.7|mm}} M1881 28-caliber guns and a secondary battery of six {{cvt|138.6|mm}} M1881 30-cal. guns. All of these guns were placed in individual pivot mounts on the upper deck; the 164 mm guns were in sponsons located fore and aft, with two guns per broadside. Four of the 138 mm guns were in sponsons between the 164 mm guns, one was in an embrasure in the forecastle and the last was in a swivel mount on the stern.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}} The 138 mm guns were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid cast iron projectiles and explosive armor-piercing shells, both of which weighed {{cvt|30|kg}}. The guns fired with a muzzle velocity of {{cvt|590|m/s}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=223}}

For close-range defense against torpedo boats, Jean Bart carried a pair of {{cvt|65|mm}} M1888 50-cal. guns, six QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss, and eight {{cvt|37|mm}} Hotchkiss revolver cannon, though Isly only received the 47 mm and 37 mm guns. Both ships carried a pair of 65 mm 18-cal. field guns that could be sent ashore with a landing party. They were also armed with five {{cvt|356|mm|0}} torpedo tubes in their hull above the waterline. Two tubes were in the bow, there was one tube per broadside, and the fifth was in the stern.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}}

The ships received wrought iron armor plating. Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was {{cvt|40|mm|0}} thick on the flat portion, increasing in thickness to {{cvt|90|mm|0}} on the sides, where it curved down to meet the sides of the hull. The lower edge of the deck tapered slightly to {{cvt|85|mm}}. The deck was layered on 10 mm of hull plating, which increased to {{cvt|15|mm}} at the edge of the deck to compensate for the slight reduction in thickness. Below the deck and above the propulsion machinery spaces, a thin deck covered the engine and boiler rooms to protect them from shell fragments. Above the deck and at the sides of the hull, the ships had a {{cvt|60|cm}} wide cofferdam that was extensively compartmentalized to control flooding in the event of damage above the deck. Jean Bart had {{cvt|80|mm}} plating on the conning tower, while Isly had {{cvt|120|mm}} for her tower. Both ships received gun shields that were {{cvt|54|mm}} thick; these were fitted to the 164 and 138 mm guns. The sponsons that held the guns had {{cvt|35|mm}} chrome steel plating.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}}

File:French cruiser Jean Bart post refit NH 64440.jpg

The ships underwent a series of refits and modernizations over the courses of their careers. On 28 January 1891, before the ships had entered active service, the naval minister Édouard Barbey ordered the M1881 guns in the main and secondary batteries to be replaced with new M1891 quick-firing guns of the same calibers. But these were heavier guns than the M1881 patterns initially mounted, and the sponsons would have had to have been strengthened considerably to accept the weight. As a result, Barbey settled for replacing them with modified M1881 pattern guns that were converted to quick firing. Work on replacing the guns was delayed while Jean Bart was undergoing her sea trials, and it was not carried out until 1893–1894, though Isly was completed with the new guns.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=220–221}}

Early in the ships' careers, the heavy military masts were found to cause rolling problems, since their great weight raised the ships' center of gravity. They also suffered from excessive vibration when the ships steamed at high speeds, and the commander of Isly reported in 1894 that he lacked enough crew to effectively man the gun positions. As a result, Jean Bart had hers shortened considerably in 1897, to roughly the same height as the conning tower, and lighter, composite wood-and-steel pole masts erected on top. Isly instead simply had hers removed completely in favor of pole masts that year. At that time, Jean Bart had her bow torpedo tubes removed and Isly lost both of the bow tubes and her stern tube.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=220–221}}

During an extensive refit between February 1903 and July 1905, Jean Bart was re-boilered with twelve water-tube Niclausse boilers; during trials after completion of the refit, she managed a speed of {{convert|17.03|kn}} from {{cvt|7025|ihp}} according to Roberts,{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}} but Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships reports that she reached {{convert|20|kn}} from {{convert|10000|ihp}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{efn|The difference may be accounted for by the use of forced draft.}} At the same time, her light armament was revised to two 65 mm guns, ten 47 mm guns, and four 37 mm guns; her main battery remained the same. Isly was refitted in 1909, though her light battery was standardized to just twelve 47 mm guns. The navy considered replacing her boilers as well, but decided against it because of the cost.{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}}

File:French cruiser Jean Bart NH 92026.jpg in April 1893]]

Isly initially served in the Northern Squadron as part of the Reserve Division, being activated only for maneuvers with the unit.{{sfn|Brassey 1893|p=70}}{{sfn|Barry|pp=201–208, 213}} Jean Bart, meanwhile, initially served with the Mediterranean Squadron before being transferred to the Northern Squadron in 1895.{{sfn|Brassey 1893|p=70}}{{sfn|Brassey 1895|p=50}} Early in her career, in April 1893, Jean Bart visited the United States to take part in the Columbian Naval Review.{{sfn|Roberts|p=220}} In 1895, Isly was deployed to French Indochina;{{sfn|Brassey 1895|p=54}} though she briefly returned to France the following year before embarking on another deployment to the Far East in 1897 to relieve the cruiser Alger.{{sfn|Brassey 1897|p=62}} At that time, Jean Bart was modernized and had her heavy military masts removed.{{sfn|Thursfield|pp=138–140}}{{sfn|Garbett 1897|p=341}}

Jean Bart joined Isly in Indochina in 1898, though the latter was reassigned to the North Atlantic station in 1899. Jean Bart was part of the French fleet that responded to the Boxer Uprising in Qing China later that year.{{sfn|Brassey 1898|pp=59–60}}{{sfn|Naval Notes: France|p=322}} In May 1901, Jean Bart was recalled home, where she was also placed in reserve.{{sfn|Garbett 1901|p=611}} In 1902, Isly had new water-tube boilers installed.{{sfn|Garbett 1903|p=86}} Jean Bart was similarly modified between 1903 and 1906.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}

Jean Bart had run aground off the Western Sahara in February 1907 and could not be refloated. The ship quickly broke in half and the wreck was sold to a marine salvage company.{{sfn|Campbell|p=310}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=221}} In 1908, Isly was briefly sent to French Morocco, and the following year she was converted into a depot ship for destroyers.{{sfn|Fisher|p=238}} Isly was struck from the naval register in 1914 and thereafter broken up.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=193}}

{{notes}}

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{{Alger class cruisers}}

{{French protected cruisers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jean Bart class cruiser}}

Category:Cruiser classes

Category:Ships built in France

Category:Ship classes of the French Navy