Jet (fluid)

{{Short description|Stream of fluid projected into the surrounding medium}}

File:Pump-jet on NatchanWorld 02.JPG on a ferry.]]

File:M87 jet.jpg emitted from galaxy M87, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.]]

A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice.{{Cite web|title=Definition of JET|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jet|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}} Jets can travel long distances{{Quantify|date=July 2021}} without dissipating.

Jet fluid has higher speed compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding medium is assumed to be made up of the same fluid as the jet, and this fluid has viscosity, some of the surrounding fluid is carried along with the jet in a process called entrainment.{{Cite web|last=Swain|first=Prakash Chandra|date=2016|title=Fluid Dynamics Lecture Notes|url=http://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1525500163.pdf|access-date=26 July 2021|website=www.vssut.ac.in}}

Some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion, as do rocket engines and jet engines.

Applications

Liquid jets are used in many different areas. In everyday life, you can find them for instance coming from the water tap, the showerhead, and from spray cans. In agriculture, they play a role in irrigation and in the application of crop protection products. In the field of medicine, you can find liquid jets for example in injection procedures or inhalers. Industry uses liquid jets for waterjet cutting, for coating materials or in cooling towers. Atomized liquid jets are essential for the efficiency of internal combustion engines. But they also play a crucial role in research, for example in the study of proteins,{{citation|surname1=Frauke Bierau |display-authors = etal|periodical=Physical Review Letters|title=Catching Proteins in Liquid Helium Droplets|volume=105|issue=13|at=p. 133402|date=2010|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.133402

| pmid=21230773 |arxiv=1008.3816| bibcode=2010PhRvL.105m3402B | s2cid=2997921 }} phase transitions,{{citation|surname1=Matthias Kühnel |display-authors = etal|periodical=Physical Review Letters|title=Time-Resolved Study of Crystallization in Deeply Cooled Liquid Parahydrogen|volume=106|at=p. 245301|date=2011| issue=24 |doi=10.1103/physrevlett.106.245301

| pmid=21770578 | bibcode=2011PhRvL.106x5301K |hdl=10261/36971|hdl-access=free}} extreme states of matter,{{citation|surname1=Neumayer, P |display-authors = etal|periodical=Physics of Plasmas|title=Evidence for ultra-fast heating in intense-laser irradiated reduced-mass targets|volume=19|at=p. 122708|date=2012| issue=12 |doi=10.1063/1.4772773

| bibcode=2012PhPl...19l2708N }} laser plasmas,{{citation|surname1=R. A. Costa Fraga |display-authors = etal|periodical=Review of Scientific Instruments|title=Compact cryogenic source of periodic hydrogen and argon droplet beams for relativistic laser-plasma generation|volume=83|at=p. 025102|date=2012| issue=2 |doi=10.1063/1.3681940

| pmid=22380120 |arxiv=1109.0398| bibcode=2012RScI...83b5102F | s2cid=22165191 }} High harmonic generation,{{citation|surname1= T.T. Luu; Z. Yin |display-authors = etal|periodical=Nature Communication|title=Extreme–ultraviolet high–harmonic generation in liquids|volume=19|at=p. 3723|date=2018| issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06040-4

| pmid=30213950 | pmc=6137105 |doi-access=free| bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3723L }} and also in particle physics experiments.{{citation|surname1=Gianluigi Boca|periodical=EPJ Web of Conferences|title=The PANDA experiment: physics goals and experimental setup|volume=72|at=p. 00002|date=2014|doi=10.1051/epjconf/20147200002

|bibcode=2014EPJWC..7200002B |doi-access=free}} Also some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion. Gas jets are found in rocket engines and jet engines.

Microscopic liquid jets have been studied for their potential application in noninvasive transdermal drug delivery.{{cite journal|vauthors=Postema M, van Wamel A, ten Cate FJ, de Jong N|title=High-speed photography during ultrasound illustrates potential therapeutic applications of microbubbles|journal=Medical Physics|year=2005|volume=32|issue=12|pages=3707–3711|doi=10.1118/1.2133718|pmid=16475770 |bibcode=2005MedPh..32.3707P |s2cid=46536082 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2133718}}

References

Pijush K. Kundu and Ira M. Cohen, "Fluid mechanics, Volume 10", Elsevier, Burlington, MA, USA (2008), {{ISBN|978-0-12-373735-9}}
{{cite book|last=Falkovich|first=G.|title=Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-107-00575-4}}

Category:Fluid dynamics

Jet (fluid)

Applications

See also

References