Jewish fundamentalism

Like other fundamentalist movements, fundamentalist Judaism usually presents itself as the only valid form of Judaism, Jewish culture, and truth. However, Religious Zionism and Haredi Judaism, the two movements which are most broadly associated with Jewish fundamentalism, differ in significant ways and historically, they have opposed each other (but recently, there has been more overlap due to the rise of the Hardal movement). Religious Zionism is more associated with political extremism while Haredi Judaism is associated with men studying torah every day and making sure all actions are in line with the will of Hashem.{{cite book |last1=Yuval-Davis |first1=Nira |title=The Personal Is Political: Jewish Fundamentalism and Women's Empowerment in In: Howland C.W. (eds) Religious Fundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women |date=1999 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-29306-2 |pages=33–42}}

{{Main|Haredi Judaism}}

Haredi Judaism consists of groups within Orthodox Judaism that are characterized by their strict adherence to halakha (Jewish law) and traditions in opposition to modern values and practices.{{Cite web |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/haredim-charedim/ |title=Haredim (Charedim), or Ultra-Orthodox Jews |author=Raysh Weiss |publisher=My Jewish Learning |quote=What unites haredim is their absolute reverence for Torah, including both the Written and Oral Law, as the central and determining factor in all aspects of life. ... In order to prevent outside influence and contamination of values and practices, haredim strive to limit their contact with the outside world.}}{{Cite web |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |title=Orthodox Judaism |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |quote=Haredi Judaism, on the other hand, prefers not to interact with secular society, seeking to preserve halakha without amending it to modern circumstances and to safeguard believers from involvement in a society that challenges their ability to abide by halakha. |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=2012-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |url-status=dead }} Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; however, the term "ultra-Orthodox" is considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer terms like strictly Orthodox or Haredi.{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/|title=Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox |last=Shafran |first=Avi |date=February 4, 2014|website=Forward|access-date=2020-05-13}} Haredi Jews regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews,{{cite book|author1=Tatyana Dumova|author2=Richard Fiordo|title=Blogging in the Global Society: Cultural, Political and Geographical Aspects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBQqS-bFBUYC&pg=PA126|date=30 September 2011|publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI)|isbn=978-1-60960-744-9|page=126|quote=Haredim regard themselves as the most authentic custodians of Jewish religious law and tradition which, in their opinion, is binding and unchangeable. They consider all other expressions of Judaism, including Modern Orthodoxy, as deviations from God's laws.}}{{Cite web |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |title=Orthodox Judaism |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |quote=Orthodox Judaism claims to preserve Jewish law and tradition from the time of Moses. |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=2012-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |url-status=dead }} but other movements of Judaism disagree.{{cite book|author=Nora L. Rubel|title=Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR2lyBRvt9QC&pg=PA148|access-date=24 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14187-1|page=148|quote=Mainstream Jews have—until recently—maintained the impression that the ultraorthodox are the 'real' Jews.}}

== Religious Zionism ==

{{Main|Religious Zionism}}

Religious Zionism is an ideology that combines Zionism and Orthodox Judaism. It primarily began with the teachings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935), who saw Zionism as a part of a divine scheme to return Jews to their ancestral homeland and eventually bring about the coming of the Messiah. Religious Zionism gained a new momentum after the Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel conquered the West Bank, a territory which is rich in Biblical history. The Gush Emunim movement took off under the leadership of Zvi Yehuda Kook and it also spearheaded the proliferation of Israeli settlements in the newly conquered territory.

Religious Zionism is still a relatively broad term which encompasses both moderate and extremist elements. The extremist elements are frequently associated with anti-Arab racism, anti-Palestinianism and violence, frequently, they are associated with ideological inspiration from Kahanism. They have also been associated with terrorism against Palestinians and in some cases, they have also been associated with terrorism against the Israel Defense Forces. The Hilltop Youth movement is especially associated with the most extreme forms of Religious Zionism.{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=Paul |title='Fundamentalist' Jewish Terror a Growing Threat to Israel: Experts |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fundamentalist-jewish-terror-growing-threat-israel-experts-n480176 |website=www.nbcnews.com |date=4 January 2016 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=13 August 2021}}

Jewish fundamentalism was ignored for much of the 20th century, and it was only when it began to have an effect on Israeli politics and international relations that scholars began to study it in earnest.{{cite journal |last1=Brownfeld |first1=Allan |title=Jewish Fundamentalism: An Old Problem Re-emerges |journal=Jane's Terrorism & Security Monitor |date=February 2002 |pages=12–15}}

• Anti-Zionism
• The Bible and violence
• Biblical criticism
• Criticism of the Bible
• Criticism of Israel
• Criticism of Judaism
• Far-right politics in Israel
• Gush Emunim
• Halachic state
• Jewish Defense League
• Jewish Defense Organization
• Jewish extremist terrorism
• Hardal anti-Zionism
• Jewish religious movements
• Jewish schisms
• Jewish views on religious pluralism
• Judaism and politics
• Judaism and violence
• Lev Tahor
• Meir Kahane
• Kach (political party)
• Kahanism
• Noahidism
• Racism in Israel
• Racism in Jewish communities
• Shas
• Sikrikim
• The Temple Institute
• Zealots
• Sicarii
• Zionist political violence

{{Reflist}}

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• {{cite journal |last=Yuval-Davis |first=Nira |title=The Personal Is Political: Jewish Fundamentalism and Women's Empowerment |journal=Religious Fundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women |date=1999 |pages=33–42 |doi=10.1057/9780230107380_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107380_4 |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-0-312-29306-2|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last=Dorraj |first=Manochehr |title=The Crisis of Modernity and Religious Revivalism: A Comparative Study of Islamic Fundamentalism, Jewish Fundamentalism and Liberation Theology |journal=Social Compass |date=18 August 2016 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=225–240 |doi=10.1177/003776899046002011 |s2cid=143258227 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/003776899046002011 |access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription }}

• [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/penncip/lustick/ Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel] at University of Pennsylvania
• [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0300/0003105.html Washington Report: Jewish fundamentalism]

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Category:Orthodox Judaism