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Jian'ou dialect

{{Short description|Dialect of Northern Min Chinese}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Jian'ou

|nativename={{sans-serif|Gṳ̿ing-é-dī}} / {{lang|mnp|建甌事}}

|pronunciation= {{IPA|[kuiŋ˧ ɪ˥˦ ti˦]}}

|states=Southern China

|region=Jian'ou, Fujian province

|speakers=?

|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan

|fam2=Sinitic

|fam3=Chinese

|fam4=Min

|fam5=Inland Min

|fam6=Northern Min

| ancestor = Proto-Sino-Tibetan

| ancestor2 = Old Chinese{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}}}

| ancestor3 = Proto-Min

|script=Chinese character, Kienning Colloquial Romanized

|isoexception=dialect

|glotto=jian1240

|glottorefname=Jian'ou

|notice=IPA

}}

{{Chinese

|title=Jian'ou dialect

|s= 建瓯话

|t= 建甌話

|p=Jiàn'ōuhuà

|s2=建瓯事

|t2=建甌事

|mblmc2=Gṳ̿ing-é-dī
({{IPA|mnp|kuiŋ˧ ɪ˥˦ ti˦|}})

}}

File:JianningBible1.gif), published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.]]

The Jian'ou dialect (Northern Min: {{sans-serif|Gṳ̿ing-é-dī}} / {{lang|mnp|建甌事}}; Chinese: {{zh|t=建甌話|s=建瓯话|p=Jiàn'ōuhuà}}), also known as Kienow dialect, is a local dialect of Northern Min Chinese spoken in Jian'ou in northern Fujian province. It is regarded as the standard common language in Jian'ou.

Phonetics and phonology

According to The Eight Tones of Kien-chou ({{lang|zh|建州八音}}), a rime dictionary published in 1795, the Jian'ou dialect had 15 initials, 34 rimes and 7 tones in the 18th century, however there are only 6 tones in the modern dialect as the "light level" ({{lang|zh|陽平}}) tone has disappeared.

=Initials=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"

|+ Initials of the Jian'ou dialect

! colspan=2| 

! Bilabial

! Alveolar

! Velar

! Glottal

colspan=2|Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|  

rowspan=2|Plosive

! voiceless unaspirated

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

voiceless aspirated

| {{IPA link|pʰ}}

| {{IPA link|tʰ}}

| {{IPA link|kʰ}}

|  

rowspan=2|Affricate

!voiceless unaspirated

|  

| {{IPA link|ts}}

|  

|  

voiceless aspirated

|  

| {{IPA link|tsʰ}}

|  

|  

colspan=2|Fricative

|  

| {{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|x}}

|  

colspan=2|Approximant

|  

| {{IPA link|l}}

|  

|  

=Rimes=

class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"

|+ Rimes of the Jian'ou dialect

colspan="10"| Open syllablecolspan="6"| Nasal coda
Open mouth

|

|{{IPA link|a}}

|{{IPA link|e}}/e/ tends to merge to [ɪ]

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|œ}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

|{{IPA link|o}}/o/ tends to merge to [ʊ]

|{{IPA|ai}}

|{{IPA|au}}

|

|

|{{IPA|aŋ}}

|{{IPA|aiŋ}}

|{{IPA|eiŋ}}

|{{IPA|œyŋ}}

|{{IPA|ɔŋ}} {{IPA|/oŋ/}} which is mentioned in Kienning Colloquial Romanized has merged into {{IPA|/ɔŋ/}} in the modern dialect.

Even mouth

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA|ia}}

|

|{{IPA|iɛ}}

|

|{{IPA|iɔ}}

|

|

|{{IPA|iau}}

|{{IPA|iu}}

|{{IPA|iŋ}}

|{{IPA|iaŋ}}

|

|{{IPA|ieiŋ}}{{IPA|/ieiŋ/}} is not mentioned in Kienning Colloquial Romanized as it diverged from {{IPA|/iŋ/}} after the romanization system was established.

|

|{{IPA|iɔŋ}}

Closed mouth

|{{IPA link|u}}

|{{IPA|ua}}

|

|{{IPA|uɛ}}

|

|

|

|{{IPA|uai}}

|

|

|{{IPA|uiŋ}}

|{{IPA|uaŋ}}

|{{IPA|uaiŋ}}

|

|

|{{IPA|uɔŋ}}

Round mouth

|{{IPA link|y}}

|

|

|{{IPA|yɛ}} {{IPA|/yɛ/}} tends to merge into {{IPA|/uɛ/}}.

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPA|yiŋ}} {{IPA|/yiŋ/}} tends to merge into {{IPA|/uiŋ/}}.

|

|

|

|

|

=Tones=

Jian'ou has four tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"

|+ Tone chart of the Jian'ou dialect

Tone numberTone nameTone contour
1

| level ({{lang|zh|平聲}})|| {{IPA|˥˦}} (54) or {{IPA|˥}} (5)

2

| rising ({{lang|zh|上聲}})|| {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) or {{IPA|˩}} (1)

3

| dark departing ({{lang|zh|陰去}})|| ˧ (3)

4

| light departing ({{lang|zh|陽去}})|| {{IPA|˦}} (4)

5

| dark entering ({{lang|zh|陰入}})|| {{IPA|˨˦}} (24)

6

| light entering ({{lang|zh|陽入}})|| {{IPA|˦˨}} (42)

The entering tones in the Jian'ou dialect do not have any entering tone coda ({{lang|zh|入聲韻尾}}) such as {{IPA|/-ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/-p̚/}}, {{IPA|/-t̚/}} and {{IPA|/-k̚/}} which makes it distinct from many other Chinese varieties.

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book |last=Beijing daxue Zhongguo yuyan wenxue xi yuyanxue jiaoyanshi |title=Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì |date=1989 |publisher=Wenzi gaige chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:漢語方音字匯 |author-mask=Beijing daxue Zhongguo yuyan wenxue xi yuyanxue jiaoyanshi 北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Yuan |first=Jiahua 袁家驊 |title=Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào |date=1989 |publisher=Wenzi gaige chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:漢語方言概要 |trans-title=An Introduction to Chinese Dialects}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Jianou Xian difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui |url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=3C490CA3044E49729A74D73317E22BF4 |title=Jiànōu xiànzhì |publisher=Zhonghua shuju |date=1994 |isbn=7-101-01283-3 |volume=36 |location=Beijing |script-title=zh:建瓯县志 |trans-title=Chorography of Jian'ou County |author-mask=Jianou Xian difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 建瓯县地方志编纂委员会 |access-date=2018-04-06 |archive-date=2018-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053427/http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=3C490CA3044E49729A74D73317E22BF4 |url-status=dead }}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Lien |first=Chinfa |date=1990 |title=Competing Final Systems in the Jian'ou Dialect |url=http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/retrieve/73192/JA01_1990_p01.pdf |journal=Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies |volume=20 |pages=1–53 |issue=1 }}
  • {{Cite book |last=Norman |first=Jerry |title=Chinese |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |isbn=0-521-29653-6 |location=Cambridge |author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist) |orig-date=1988}}

{{refend}}

External links

  • [http://www.chiculture.net/0604/html/c12/0604c12.html Cantonese and other dialects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004652/http://www.chiculture.net/0604/html/c12/0604c12.html |date=2021-01-25 }} (in Chinese)
  • [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/classification/min/minbei/index.php Classification of Northern Min Dialects from Glossika]
  • [https://bible.fhl.net/new/ob.php?book=237&chineses=44&chap=20&sec=5 Jian'ou Romanized Vernacular Bible]

{{Chinese language}}

{{Min Chinese}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jian'ou dialect}}

Category:Northern Min