Jiribam district

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Languages of Jiribam district (2011)

|label1 = Bengali |value1 = 50.79 |color1 = orchid

|label2 = Manipuri |value2 = 30.51 |color2 = goldenrod

|label3 = Hmar |value3 = 8.04 |color3 = palegreen

|label4 = Bishnupuriya |value4 = 2.66 |color4 = mediumorchid

|label5 = Hindi |value5 = 1.63 |color5 = orange

|label6 = Kabui |value6 = 1.46 |color6 = lightblue

|label7 = Kuki |value7 = 1.11 |color7 = mediumseagreen

|label8 = Others |value8 = 3.80 |color8 = grey

}}

Jiribam district lies in the valley between the Bhuban range on the west (in Assam's Cachar district) and the Vangai range ("Vangaitang") in the east. The Barak River flows due north in the valley from Tipaimukh, turning west near Jirimukh, about 10 km south of Jiribam. Also at Jirimukh, the Jiri River that flows from north in the same valley drains into the Barak River.

The area of Jiribam district appears to have been part of the Cachar kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British made an agreement with Raja Gambhir Singh of Manipur ceding all claims to the territory up to the western stretch of Barak River{{efn|The Barak River flows south till Tipaimukh and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh. The region between these two stretches might have been contested between Manipur and Kachar prior to 1833.}} and the Jiri River. Thus the eastern portion of the Jiribam valley came under the control of Manipur, while the rest remained under Cachar which became part of Assam.

{{Citation |last=Sanjeev |first=Thingnam |chapter=Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |page=243}}

{{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=YAOL |year=2019 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |via=archive.org |pages=24–25, 251}}

The Jiribam Valley was at that time forested and mostly uninhabited.{{sfnp|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932|p=55}} The Cachar portion of the valley had a ferry port at Jirighat, which was used by the travellers on the Silchar–Manipur road (called "Cachar Road" in Manipur).{{harvp|Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India|1979|p=189}}; Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XIV, pp. 177–178 The Manipur state government decided to open the valley for agricultural settlement in 1907,{{sfnp|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932|p=55}} and by 1911, 14,346 bighas of land is said to have been settled.

{{citation |last=Higgins |first=J. C. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1911-12|1912}} |page=4}}

Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and betel leaf (pan) in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation.

By 1931, there were 46 villages in the Jiribam settlement, populated by Manipuri (Meitei) Hindus and Muslims, Bengali Hindus and Muslims, a few Kukis and Kabuis.{{sfnp|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932|p=55}} Jiribam also had 5 primary schools, the same number as in the Imphal Valley outside the city of Imphal.{{sfnp|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932|p=41}} Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from the Cachar district, very few from the Imphal Valley (Manipur valley).{{sfnp|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932|p=55}} This meant that the settlers had to be treated as 'British subjects' rather than 'Manipur state subjects' and revenue settlement orders and dispute resolutions had to be carried out by the British Political Agent.{{sfnp|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932|pp=57–58}}

After the independence of India, Manipur elected a legislative assembly under its own constitution. Ten seats in the assembly were allocated to the hill areas, which included Jiribam.

{{citation |first=Rev. Banjamin |last=Shakum |title=Hill People of Jiribam-Quo Vadimus (Where are we Going)? |newspaper=Fox Journal |date=18 July 2017 |url=https://www.foxjournal.in/2017/07/hill-people-of-jiribam-quo-vadimus_18.html |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410143538/https://www.foxjournal.in/2017/07/hill-people-of-jiribam-quo-vadimus_18.html}}

Soon afterwards, Manipur merged into India and was governed under the Constitution of India as a union territory.{{efn|In 1950, it was termed a Part 'C' state, later changed to 'union territory' in 1956.}} The territory of Manipur was divided into 8 subdivisions, one of which was based at Jiribam. The Jiribam subdivision covered the Vangai range, and stretched up to Tipaimukh in the south.{{sfnp|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005|pp=12–15, Map 7}} It was designated as a hill subdivision.

Manipur Gazette, No. 10-E-3, 25 May 1951. "The Hill areas of the State of Manipur shall consist of the following: 1. The whole of the Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, and Jiribam Sub-Divisions and the areas formerly comprised in the now-defunct Mao and Tengnoupal Subdivisions which have since been amalgamated with the Sadar and Thoubal Sub-Divisions respectively...."

In 1969, when Manipur was divided into five districts, the southern part of the Jiribam subdivision was separated into the Tipaimukh subdivision of the 'Manipur South' district (now in Pherzawl district), and the remaining Jiribam subdivision was included in the 'Manipur Central' district headquartered at Imphal.

{{citation |last=Kshetri |first=Rajendra |title=District Councils in Manipur:Formation and Functioning |publisher=Akansha |year=2006 |isbn=8183700411 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/330 |pages=10–11}}

{{sfnp|Census of India, 1971|1972|p=1}}{{sfnp|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005|pp=16–17, Map 8}} This also meant that Jiribam became part of the valley area of Manipur, rather than hill area. To avoid the anomaly, the eastern part of the subdivision consisting of the Vangai range was transferred to the Tipaimukh subdivision in stages.{{sfnp|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005|pp=18–19, Map 9}} With the reorganisation of 'Manipur Central', the subdivision got attached to the Imphal East district.

A movement for a separate revenue district for Jiribam took shape in 2006 and a Jiribam District Demand Committee (JDDC) was formed. During 2011, the committee conducted several strikes and economic blockades along NH-37, which passes through Jiribam.New district demand, Imphal Free Press, 3 June 2011. {{ProQuest|895491938}}Manipur braces for NH stir again, The Times of India, 5 June 2011. {{ProQuest|870312015}} In November 2011, the state government agreed to the demands of JDDC and signed a memorandum of understanding. The government also agreed to upgrade the Borobekra Circle in the southern part of the region into a subdivision.State government signs MoU assuring of separate Jiribam district, Imphal Free Press, 9 November 2011. {{ProQuest|902780790}}Manipur govt signs MoU with JDDC, The Assam Tribune, 10 Nov 2011. {{ProQuest|902849896}}

In 2016, Jiribam subdivision became an independent Jiribam district.

Khelen Thokchom, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/more-districts-in-manipur/cid/1403137 More districts in Manipur], The Telegraph (Kolkata), 9 December 2016. {{ProQuest|2290178396}}

According to multiple sources, the proscribed Meitei insurgent groups, United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and People's Liberation Army of Manipur (PLA), used the Jiribam valley and the neighbouring Cachar district of Assam as their main area of operations.

{{citation |title=North-East in Benthic Zone |first=Dhanabir |last=Laishram |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |year=2007 |isbn=9788183701143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbWfAAAAMAAJ |page=90 |quote=UNLF and PLA's main area of operation is Manipur's Jiribam valley and Cachar. In the recent past, a unified command of MPLF enduringly engaged with the Border Security Force in a gun-fight for four days in which the later had to withdrew without attaining any significant result.}}

{{citation |first=Wasbir |last=Hussain |chapter=Ethno-Nationalism and the Politics of Terror in India's Northeast |editor1=P. R. Kumaraswamy |editor2=Ian Copland |title=South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781317967729 |page=89 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZceMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 |quote=Insurgent politics in the region registered a very important development in the year 2000—the signing of a deal for joint operations by the Assamese ULFA and the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), a Manipuri insurgent group whose primary area of operation has been Manipur's Jiribam valley and neighbouring Assam's Cachar district.}}

The region was originally used by Meitei insurgent groups in the 1960s as a launching pad to access the training camps run by Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). With the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, this activity was briefly halted, but it resumed in 1975 with the advent of military rule in Bangladesh.{{sfnp|Dar, Fulcrum of Evil|2006|p=108}}

Security expert E. M. Rammohan states that the hilly region bounded by NH-37{{efn|NH-37 was earlier calleld National Highway 53.}} in the north, Thangjing Hills in the east, Tipaimukh Road in the south, and the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road on the west, was a "free zone", with minimal presence of security forces, which was adopted by UNLF, PLA and Hmar People's Convention–Democracy for setting up camps and bases.

{{citation |first=E. N. |last=Rammohan |title=Manipur: A degenerated insurgency |journal=USI Journal |date=April 2021 |url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425011633/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-date=25 April 2021}}

The PLA and UNLF are said to have entered this area after the Kuki-Naga conflict (in the 1990s) by helping resettle the displaced Kukis in Churachandpur district and obtaining land in return.{{sfnp|Chadha, Low Intensity Conflicts in India|2005|pages=318–319}} Rammohan also states that HPC-Democracy was allied with UNLF.

The entente between UNLF and the Hmar community came to an end after the mass rape of 21 women and girls allegedly carried out by the UNLF and the allied group Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) in the neighbouring Tipaimukh subdivision in 2006.

{{citation |first= Ruth |last=Hmingchullo |chapter=Ethics in Journalism from a Human Rights Perspective |title=Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship between the Media and Human Rights |editor1=Paromita Das |editor2=Charu Joshi |editor3=G. P. Pandey |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781443878326 |pages=118–120 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExVUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118}}

[https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/201609180123336398494Report.pdf Role of Women in Conflict Management: A study of insurgency in valley areas of Manipur], Human Development Society, New Delhi, retrieved 20 November 2024.

Afterwards, the insurgent groups were forced to leave the area.

[https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11.14.230106.jan06 Parbung, Thanlon cleared of UGs : GOC], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 22 January 2006.

[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/unlf-thumbs-nose-at-army-militants-ready-to-face-any-challenge/cid/821433 UNLF thumbs nose at Army - Militants ready to 'face any challenge'], The Telegraph (India), 9 February 2006.

The local people also credited the 7th India Reserve Battalion (IRB) forces stationed at Uchathol and Jakuradhor for establishing peace in Jiribam district.

Sit in demands 7th IRB in Barak Circle, Imphal Free Press, 17 July 2014. {{ProQuest|1545673732}}

{{bar box

|title=Religions in Jiribam district (2011){{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by religious community: Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11383/download/14496/DDW14C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}

|titlebar=#Fcd116

|left1=Religion

|right1=Percent

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|bars=

{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|48.64}}

{{bar percent|Islam|green|34.07}}

{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|13.34}}

{{bar percent|Other (Sanamahi or Heraka)|chartreuse|3.77}}

{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}

}}

At the time of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 42,838. Jiribam had a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 63.11%. 16.75% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16.94% and 12.52% of the population respectively.{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book - Imphal East |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/848/download/36260/DH_2011_1407_PART_A_DCHB_IMPHAL_EAST.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 50.79% of the population spoke Bengali, 30.51% Manipuri, 8.04% Hmar, 2.66% Bishnupuriya, 1.63% Hindi, 1.46% Kabui and 1.11% Kuki as their first language.{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10213/download/13325/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=Census of India |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}

Prior to 2017, when Jiribam was a subdivision in the Imphal East district, it was divided into two circles: Jiri Circle in the north, headquartered at Jiribam, and Barak Circle in the south, headquartered at Borobekra. After Jiribam became a district, the two circles have been upgraded to subdivisons: Jiribam Subdivision and Borobekra Subdivision.

The local administration in the Jiribam Subdivision is divided into the Jiribam municipality and three gram panchayats (village councils) based at Hilghat, Dibong and Sonapur. The local administration in the Borobekra Subdivision has three gram panchayats: Latingkhal, Borobekra and Jakuradhor.

[https://jiribam.nic.in/local-administrative-unit/ Local Administrative Unit], Jiribam District Administration, retrieved 10 November 2024.

Jiribam district as a whole forms one legislative assembly constituency.{{Cite web|url=https://jiribam.nic.in/election-2022/|title=Jiribham assembly seat}}

On 3 May 2023, major ethnic violence broke out between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the Imphal Valley and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion.

During the first week of violence, Meitei mobs led by the Arambai Tenggol militia attacked Kuki-Zo localities in the Jiribam Town. The security forces quickly controlled the violence and brokered a peace agreement between the communities. This agreement held for almost a year. Even though there were sporadic incidents such as house burning and abduction, there were no deaths.

Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024.

[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024.

The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024, the first of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson in May, and the second of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh in June. Rumours spread that Saratkumar's body was founded beheaded, inflaming Meitei feelings. Meitei mobs led by Arambai Tenggol started torching houses in the Jiribam area, inviting retaliation from Kuki mobs. In the ensuing mayhem, the entire population of Hmars and Thadou Kukis from the Jiribam town got displaced to Assam's Cachar district. A Hmar village called Hmarkhawlien near Lakhipur became their refuge. The Meiteis in the tribal parts of the district fled to relief camps in and around the Jiribam town.

[https://ukhrultimes.com/suspected-kuki-assailants-kill-farmer-in-jiribam-sparking-communal-tension-curfew-clamped/ Suspected Kuki Assailants Kill Farmer in Jiribam, Sparking Communal Tension, Curfew Clamped], Ukhrul Times, 7 June 2024.

The Kuki-Zo villages in the southern hills of the district got cut off from the Jiribam town, which was now under the control of hostile Meitei mobs and militias. In order to obtain supplies, they had to use the river route, the Jiri River and then the Barak River, leading to Hmarkhawlien. The villagers pooled money and stocked up on supplies. The Indigenous Tribes Advocacy Committee (ITAC) asked the government to prevent Arambai Tenggol and Meitei extremists from entering the tribal villages and requested special protection to the villages of Zairawn, Mongbung, Phaitol, Muolzawl and Sejang.

Ganesh Rajaraman, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-fresh-wave-of-violence-erupts Fresh Wave of Violence Erupts], Newsreel Asia, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3067512215}}

• List of populated places in Jiribam district

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{citation |title=Census of India, Manipur, Part II |year=1972 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30436/download/33617/51204_1971_GPT.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Census of India, 1971|1972}}}}
• {{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005}}}}
• {{citation |last1=Allen |first1=B. C. |last2=Gait |first2=E. A. |last3=Allen |first3=C. G. H. |last4=Howard |first4=H. F. |title=Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi |year=1979 |orig-year=1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45556 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India|1979}}}}
• {{citation |first=Vivek |last=Chadha |title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/lowintensityconf0000chad |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Chadha, Low Intensity Conflicts in India|2005}}}}
• {{citation |first=Maloy Krishna |last=Dar |title=Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA, Al Qaeda Nexus |publisher=Manas Publications |location=Delhi |year=2006 |isbn=81-7049-278-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/fulcrumofevilisi0000dhar |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Dar, Fulcrum of Evil|2006}}}}
• {{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932}}}}

• [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/district_map/JIRIBAM.pdf Jiribam District] (map), Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.
• [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_JIRIBAM.pdf Jiribam Subdivision] and [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_BOROBEKRA.pdf Borobekra Subdivision] (maps), Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.
• [https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/1420699824#map=12/24.8087/93.1144&layers=C Jiribam Valley] and [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/15990545#map=12/24.8087/93.1144&layers=C Jiri River], OpenStreetMap.

Category:Districts of Manipur