Jizzakh uprising

The Jizzakh Uprising was a revolt against Russian colonial rule in Jizzakh (modern-day Uzbekistan) in July 1916. It was part of the larger Central Asian revolt of 1916, which erupted in response to Nicholas II decree conscripting the local population into labor battalions to support Russia's war effort in World War I.{{Cite web |last=pepperthephoenix |date=2023-08-05 |title=The Central Asia Revolt of 1916 |url=https://samswarroom.com/2023/08/04/the-central-asia-revolt-of-1916/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=samswarroom.com |language=en-US}}{{Self-published inline|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Jizzakh uprising

| place = Jizzakh, Uzbekistan

| result = Uprising suppressed

| combatant1 = * {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Uzbek rebels

| combatant2 = * {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Russian Turkestan

| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Nazir Khoja Ishan{{executed}}

| commander2 = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Colonel Rukin{{KIA}}

| casualties1 = 34 taken prisoner
Many executed

| casualties2 = 83 Killed
70 taken as prisoners

| partof = Central Asian revolt of 1916

| territory = Demonstrated widespread discontent within Russian Turkestan

| date = July 1916

}}

Background

= Tensions in Central Asia =

The Russian conquest of Central Asia during the 19th century imposed a colonial regime upon the peoples of Central Asia. Central Asia's inhabitants were being heavily taxed by Russian authorities.{{Cite web |title=History of Central Asia - Russian Rule, Silk Road, Empires {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia-102306/Under-Russian-rule |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} Emperor Nicholas II adopted the "requisition of foreigners" for rear work in the front-line areas of the First World War.{{Cite web |title=In 1916 the Decree of Nicholas II on "Requisition of foreigners" to the rear works was released |url=https://e-history.kz/en/calendar/show/27649 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Portal "History of Kazakhstan" - everything about Kazakhstan |language=en}}

The discontent of the people fueled the unfair distribution of land, as well as the call of Muslim leaders to do Jihad against Russian colonial rule.{{Citation |title=Soviet construction of Kazakh and Uzbek national histories |date=2015-09-16 |work=Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia |pages=230–239 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315715551-23 |access-date=2025-02-02 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315715551-23 |doi-broken-date=6 March 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-71555-1}}

The uprising

= Fighting begins =

Over 83 Russian settlers were killed and 70 Russian women and children were taken prisoner in Jizzakh.{{Cite book |title=The Central Asian revolt of 1916: a collapsing empire in the age of war and revolution |date=2020 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-2943-7 |editor-last=Chokobaeva |editor-first=Aminat |location=Manchester, UK |editor-last2=Drieu |editor-first2=Cloé |editor-last3=Morrison |editor-first3=Alexander}} The news about the uprising led to ever more uprisings around Central Asia. Colonel Rukin, a Russian general, was killed by the rebels mercilessly. A Russian army consisting of 13 companies and 6 cannons were dispatched from Tashkent to crush the uprising and avenge the fallen general.{{Cite book |last=Sokol |first=Edward Dennis |url=https://doi.org/10.56021/9781421420509 |title=The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.56021/9781421420509 |isbn=978-1-4214-2051-6}}

= Russian response =

The force retook the Russian settlement of Zomin and Jizzakh, causing many native civilian deaths. The revolt was put down on July 26, lasting for two weeks. In total, 34 people were taken prisoner, including Nazir, the leader of the revolt. He was sentenced to death by hanging.{{Cite web |last=pepperthephoenix |date=2023-08-05 |title=The Central Asia Revolt of 1916 |url=https://samswarroom.com/2023/08/04/the-central-asia-revolt-of-1916/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=samswarroom.com |language=en-US}}{{Self-published inline|date=February 2025}} 4 of the prisoners were sent to labor camps, 27 were sentenced to 4 years of prison. On August 20, General Aleksey Kuropatkin issued the following statement.{{Citation |last=Morrison |first=Alexander |title=Refugees, resettlement and revolutionary violence in Semirech'e after the 1916 revolt |date=2019-10-02 |work=The Central Asian Revolt of 1916 |url=https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526129437.00018 |access-date=2025-02-03 |publisher=Manchester University Press |doi=10.7765/9781526129437.00018 |isbn=978-1-5261-2943-7}}

“We should hang all of you, but we let you live for you to be a dissuasive example to others. The place where Colonel Rukin was killed will be razed to zero over a distance of 5 versts and this area will become state property. We must not wait to expel the population living on the territory.” - Aleksey Kuropatkin

Aftermath

= Legecy =

The suppression of the uprising led to widespread destruction, including the burning of villages, decimation of crops, and displacement of communities. The violence disrupted agricultural activities, resulting in severe food shortages and starvation among the survivors.{{Citation |last1=Bazarbaev |first1=Akmal |title=The 1916 uprisings in Jizzakh: economic background and political rationales |date=2019-12-01 |work=The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A Collapsing Empire in the Age of War and Revolution |pages=0 |editor-last=Morrison |editor-first=Alexander |url=https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/30819/chapter-abstract/262433144?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |access-date=2025-02-02 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-2942-0 |last2=Drieu |first2=Cloé |editor2-last=Drieu |editor2-first=Cloé |editor3-last=Chokobaeva |editor3-first=Aminat}} Russian authorities implemented punitive measures, such as land seizures from local inhabitants, further exacerbating tensions and hardships in the region. However, this led to corruption and weakening of Russian Turkestan.{{Cite web |title=Centenary of 1916 Central Asian Revolt Likely to Worsen Region's Relations With Russia |url=https://jamestown.org/centenary-of-1916-central-asian-revolt-likely-to-worsen-regions-relations-with-russia/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=jamestown.org |language=en-US}}

== References ==