Jobar Synagogue

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| organisational_status = {{nowrap|Synagogue {{small|(720 BCE–2014)}}}}

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| functional_status = Destroyed;
Under restoration

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| location = Jobar, Damascus

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| country = Syria

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| map_caption = Location of the destroyed synagogue in Damascus

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| established = 720 {{sc|b.c.e}}

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| date_destroyed = May 2014
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The Jobar Synagogue, also Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue, was an ancient synagogue complex in the village of Jobar, now part of the metropolitan area of Damascus, Syria. It was severely damaged during the Syrian civil war in May 2014.

The synagogue was once adjoined to a complex with rooms for the rabbi and other functionaries of the community. The synagogue was built atop a cave traditionally thought to have served the prophet Elijah in hiding. The hall center was said to be the place where Elijah anointed Elisha. During the Syrian civil war, the synagogue was hit by mortar bombs, looted, and later two-thirds of the structure was totally destroyed at the end of May 2014.{{cite news |title=Jobar synagogue |author=Adam Blitz |date=June 15, 2014 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Jobar-synagogue-359428 |quote=Over two-thirds of the synagogue has been destroyed.... All that exists is part of a wing to the right of center and the antechamber to the Cave of Elijah, ostensibly an Early Christian catacomb in form, way below.}}

History and traditions

The synagogue had a plaque stating it was from 720 {{sc|b.c.e}} and was frequently but incorrectly perceived to be a 2,000-year-old synagogueCyril Glassé, Huston Smith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA110 The new encyclopedia of Islam], Rowman Altamira, 2003. p. 110. {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}. located in the suburb of Jobar, Damascus. The earliest verifiable literary sources indicate that it is at least medieval in origin. It was built in commemoration of the biblical prophet Elijah, and has been a place of Jewish pilgrimage for many centuries.Josef W. Meri. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ8_4Kt0XUgC&pg=PA33 The cult of saints among Muslims and Jews in medieval Syria], Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 33. {{ISBN|0-19-925078-2}}. It also is the burial-place of a wonder-working sage of the sixteenth century.Norman De Mattos Bentwich. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SmNtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22wonder-working+sage+of+the+sixteenth+century%22 A wanderer in the Promised land], Soncino Press, 1932. p. 234.

According to tradition, the synagogue was built atop a cave where the prophet Elijah concealed himself during persecution.Malta Protestant College. [https://archive.org/details/journaladeputat00collgoog Journal of a deputation sent to the East by the committee of the Malta Protestant college, in 1849: containing an account of the present state of the Oriental nations, including their religion, learning, education, customs, and occupations, Volume 2], J. Nisbet and Co., 1854. [Harvard University, December 20, 2005] p. 483. The synagogue was said to have been built by Elisha and repaired during the first century by Eleazar ben Arach.[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=21&letter=D&search=damascus Damascus], Jewish Encyclopedia. Another tradition states that the biblical anointing by Elisha of King Hazael of Syria took place at the synagogue.

Though much cited as one of the earliest sources mentioning the existence of a synagogue at Jobar is from the Talmud, there is no incontrovertible evidence to support the reading that states that Rabbi Rafram bar Pappa prayed there.Bab.Ber.50a. The challenge to this interpretation has also led to discord and controversy (although according to the anthropologist and researcher Dr. Adam Blitz, from the content and comparison with the traditional explanations it is clear that the town of Abi Gobar was in Babylonia and not near Damascus.{{cite news |url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/damascus-hide-and-seek-synagogues-and-sothebys/|title=Damascus Hide and Seek: Synagogues and Sotheby's |author=Adam Blitz |publisher=The Times of Israel blogs |access-date=May 16, 2016}})

=Medieval period=

During the medieval period, Jobar was home to a significant Jewish community. Shams Ibn Tulun Al Dimashki (d. 1546)[http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_VIII-1_2004-Conermann_pp115-139.pdf Ibn Tulun, The Mameluk Polymath] mentions that "Jobar is a Jewish village with a Muslim presence." In 1210 a French Jew, Samuel ben Samson, while visiting Damascus, recounted the "beautiful synagogue situated outside the city", (in Jobar). An anonymous Jewish traveller who arrived a few years after the Spanish immigration (Edict of Expulsion of the Jews of Spain) found 60 Jewish families living in the village of Jobar, who had a very beautiful synagogue. "I have never seen anything like it," says the author; "it is supported by thirteen columns." The Chronicle of Joseph Sambari (1672) says that the Jewish community of Damascus lived chiefly in Jobar, and he knows of the synagogue of Elisha and the cave of Elijah the Tishbite. Benjamin II (d. 1864) described the synagogue as reminding him of "the Mosque Moawiah". "The interior is supported by 13 marble pillars, six on the right and seven on the left side, and is everywhere inlaid with marble. There is only one portal by which to enter. Under the holy shrine ... is a grotto ... the descent to which is by a flight of about 20 steps. According to the Jews, the Prophet Elisha is said to have found in this grotto a place of refuge.... At the entrance of the synagogue, toward the middle of the wall to the right, is an irregularly formed stone, on which can be observed the traces of several steps. Tradition asserts that upon this step sat King Hazael when the Prophet Elisha anointed him king."Eight Years in Asia and Africa, pp. 41 et seq.

=19th century onward=

{{rquote|right|Last week the wicked entered the synagogue at Djobar and pillaged the whole edifice. The holy scrolls they have torn into pieces; they even took some of these holy coverings of the scrolls and other sacred writings and used them most contemptuously.|"A private letter from Damascus", June 4, 1840.
The New Yorker.{{cite news |editor1=Horace Greeley |editor2=Park Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qXQAAAAMAAJ&q=djobar&pg=RA2-PA367 |work=The New-Yorker |title=The Jews of Damascus |page=367 |date=August 22, 1840}}}}

Documents from the early 19th century reveal properties in the village that belonged to Jewish wakf (religious endowment), which were leased to members of other communities.Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, André Raymond. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC&dq=jawbar+damascus&pg=PA945 The city in the Islamic world, Volume 1], Brill, 2008. p. 945. {{ISBN|90-04-17168-1}}. During the rioting following accusation of ritual murder against the Jews of Damascus in 1840, the mob fell upon the synagogue, pillaged it and destroyed the scrolls of the Law.[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=22&letter=D&search=damascus Damascus affair], Jewish Encyclopedia. In 1847, only one Jewish family was left in the village, and they took care of the synagogue. On festival days, many of Jews from Damascus assembled at the synagogue to worshipWilson, John. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180781/page/n345 The lands of the Bible: visited and described in an extensive journey undertaken with special reference to the promotion of Biblical research and the advancement of the cause of philanthropy, Volume 2], William Whyte, 1847. [University of Michigan, November 8, 2008.] p. 331. and during the year, the synagogue was often visited by Jews. A few rooms in the court adjoining the synagogue were used as a retreat by some Damascus Jews for a few days during the spring and summer.Mrs. Mackintosh. [https://archive.org/stream/damascusanditsp00mackgoog/damascusanditsp00mackgoog_djvu.txt Damascus and its people: sketches of modern life in Syria], Seeley, Jackson, and Halliday, 1883. [New York Public Library, August 14, 2007.]

After the establishment of the State of Israel, Jews in Syria faced greater discrimination as the Syrian government enforced tighter restrictions on them. Jewish property could not be sold and those that had been abandoned were confiscated.{{cite book |author=James A. Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC

|quote=aleppo synagogues 1947. |title=Human rights in Syria |publisher=Middle East Watch |year=1990 |isbn=9780929692692 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC/page/n95 92]}} Part of the land associated with the synagogue was taken over and converted into a school for displaced Palestinian Arabs.Zwy Aldouby, Jerrold Ballinger. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGEAAAAIAAJ&q=djobar The shattered silence: the Eli Cohen affair], Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1971. p. 285.

The synagogue is venerated as one of Syria's holiest pilgrimage site for Jews. In the past, sick people were brought into the caveren below the synagogue and left there alone at night in the hope that Elisha's spirit would exercise a healing influence over them. According to an extract from the Syrian cadastre of the Djobar district, its east side is {{cvt|17.3|m}} long, itst side {{cvt|15.7|m}} and the building {{cvt|12.13|m}} wide.[https://books.google.com/books?id=DJYSAAAAIAAJ&q=%22According+to+Lurya%22 The Jewish quarterly review, Volume 50.], Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1959, p. 62. (According to Lurya, p. 245, it would be 18.4 m long and 11.6 m wide.){{full citation needed|date=June 2017|reason=Google Books doesn't reveal the article author and title}}

=Syrian civil war=

In March 2013, reports surfaced that the synagogue had been burned to the ground during the Syrian civil war, with both government and rebel forces trading blame over which party looted and destroyed the building.{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4351270,00.html|title=Syria report: Prophet Elijah's synagogue bombed|website=Ynetnews|author=Roi Kais|date=February 3, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2020}}{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/watch-assad-forces-destroy-oldest-synagogue-in-syria-rebels-claim-1.506718|title=WATCH: Assad Forces Destroy Oldest Synagogue in Syria, Rebels Claim|newspaper=Haaretz|author=Jack Khoury|date=March 2, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2020}}{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/historic-damascus-synagogue-looted-and-destroyed/|title=Historic Damascus synagogue looted and destroyed|newspaper=The Times of Israel|author=Yoel Goldman|date=April 1, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2020}}{{cite news | author = Adam Blitz | title = Jewish sites in Syria are the latest front in propaganda war | newspaper = Haaretz | date = April 9, 2013 | url = http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/jewish-sites-in-syria-are-the-latest-front-in-propaganda-war.premium-1.514481}} However, later during the year photographs were published and a video emerged showing that the synagogue was still standing but had suffered from mortar fire with damage to the ceiling and the bimah.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zbYCZf-bwo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/3zbYCZf-bwo |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=قصة كنيس جوبر وبشار الأسد !؟ |date=June 23, 2013 |access-date=May 16, 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/syrias-destroyed-ancient-synagogue-is-still-intact/ |title=Syria's 'destroyed' ancient synagogue is still intact |author=Avi Issacharoff |newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=December 22, 2013|access-date=April 24, 2020}} By May 2014 the majority of the structure had been totally demolished with only the right wing remaining.{{cite news|author=Adam Blitz|url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-case-for-jobar-syria-synagogues-and-subterfuge/|title=The case for Jobar: Syria, synagogues and subterfuge|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=January 17, 2017|access-date=May 16, 2016}} Blame was directed at the Syrian army who mistakenly hit the synagogue while targeting a nearby rebel enclave although some claim rebels were hiding in the synagogue complex.{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Assad-forces-destroy-Syrias-oldest-synagogue-354590 |title=Assad forces destroy Syria's oldest synagogue |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=May 28, 2014}} Subsequently there has been concern that items from the ruins would be looted and illegally sold.{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.596741|title=Who Will Save the Remains of Syria's Ancient Synagogue?|work=Haaretz|author = Adam Blitz|date=June 2, 2014|access-date=April 24, 2020}} Private funds were raised in an attempt to restore the synagogue. The restoration project is being undertaken with the approval of the Syrian and Russian governments.{{cite web |title=Aronow Foundation |url=https://jobar.shulcloud.com/ |access-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712174507/https://jobar.shulcloud.com/ |url-status=dead }}

=Post-Assad=

On 17 December 2024, the Times of Israel reported that Jewish relics from the synagogue would be returned to Syria.[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/400887 Jewish man plans to return Torah scrolls to Syria] 17 December 2024 Arutz Sheva [https://www.jfeed.com/history/sonizg Jewish philanthropist plans to return Torah scrolls to Syria] Eliana Fleming. JFeed.[https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/exclusive-syrian-sefer-torah-to-be-returned-to-synagogue/ Sefer-torah-to-be-returned-to-synagogue]