Johann Kaspar Hechtel

Hechtel was born on 1 May 1771 in Nuremberg, Germany.

Hechtel died on 20 December 1799 in Nuremberg during a smallpox epidemic. He was survived by his wife.{{cite book

| title = Denkmal der Freundschaft bei dem Grabe eines würdigen Mannes, Herrn Johann Kaspar Hechtels, im Namen seiner hinterlassenen Gattin und seiner vertrautesten Freunde berichtet

| last = Veillodter | first = Valentin Karl

| location = Nuremberg

| year = 1800}}

• Sammlung freundschaftlicher Denkmale und kleine Lehren der Weisheit und Tugend. Zum Gebrauch in Stammbücher und zur Geistes- und Sittenveredlung junger Leute bestimmt. (Bieling, 1798)
• Second edition: Denkmale der Freundschaft und kleine Lehren der Weisheit und Tugend, zum Gebrauch in Stammbücher und Geistes- und Sittenveredlung junger Leute (Bieling, 1803)
• Third edition: [https://books.google.com/books?id=OnZCAAAAcAAJ&q=lotterie&pg=PR1 Denkmale der Freundschaft für Stammbücher und moralische Lehren zur Sittenveredlung junger Personen] (Bieling, 1809)
• Fourth edition: Denkmale der Freundschaft für Stammbücher und moralische Lehren zur Sittenveredlung junger Personen (Bieling, 1819)
• Beiträge zur geselligen Freude oder Auswahl neuer Karten- Pfänder- und Unterhaltungsspiele zum Nutzen und Vergnügen, mit illumirten Kupfern (Bieling, 1798)
• Pandora, ein neues Würfel- und Gesellschaftspiel mit 24 Fragen und 144 scherzhaften Antworten (Bieling, 1798)
• Das Spiel der Hoffnung, eine angenehme Gesellschaftsunterhaltung mit 36 neuen illumirten Figurenkarten, franz. und deutsch (Le Jeu de l'Esperance, accompagné d'un nouveau jeu de cartes à figures) (Bieling, c1799)

File:1890 German Lenormand card.jpg

In the mid 19th century, after the death of the famous French fortune-teller Marie Anne Lenormand, Lenormand's name was used on several cartomancy decks, including a deck of 36 illustrated cards known as the Petit Lenormand or simply Lenormand cards still used extensively today. The 36 card Lenormand deck is modeled on a deck of cards published around 1799 as part of Das Spiel der Hoffnung (The Game of Hope), a game of chance designed by Hechtel which was still being advertised in 1820. So-called Lenormand decks have the same card numbering, primary symbols and playing card associations as the cards in Hechtel's Das Spiel der Hoffnung game. Some examples of the game are included in an extensive collection of playing cards bequeathed to the British Museum by Lady Charlotte Schreiber. Das Spiel der Hoffnung is listed among Hechtel's works in an advertisement by publisher Gustav Philipp Jakob Bieling of Nuremberg dated 1799.{{cite book

| last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Detlef

| last2 = Kroppenstedt | first2 = Erika

| title = Wahrsagekarten: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Okkultismus

| publisher = Deutsches Spielkarten Museum

| location = Bielefeld

| year = 1972

| pages = 17, 21}}{{cite book

| last = O'Donoghue | first = Freeman Marius

| title = Catalogue of the Collection of Playing Cards Bequeathed to the Trustees of the British Museum by the late Lady Charlotte Schreiber

| url = http://www23.us.archive.org/stream/aen4312.0001.001.umich.edu/aen4312.0001.001.umich.edu_djvu.txt

| publisher = British Museum

| location = London

| year = 1901}}{{cite book

| last1 = Decker | first1 = Ronald

| last2 = Depaulis | first2 = Thierry

| last3 = Dummett | first3 = Michael

| author3-link = Michael Dummett

| title = A Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot

| publisher = Gerald Duckworth and Company

| location = London

| year = 1996

| pages = 141, 282

| isbn = 9780715627136}}{{cite book

| title = Neue Jugendzeitung

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9U1QAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Spiel+der+Hoffnung%22&pg=PT94

| publisher = Industrie Comptoir

| location = Leipzig

| year = 1820}}

The "Game of Hope" cards usually have their playing card equivalents displayed in the upper field or worked into the design, with either the German or French suits being used. Swiss decks (like the first editions of the "Game of Hope") had both the equivalent German and French cards in the upper field. It only uses the 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, and King of each suit; the Deuce (2 card) stands in the place of the Ace, and there are no Jokers.

The game can also be played with standard decks. The 54-card French deck discards both Jokers and the 2, 3, 4, and 5 of each suit, keeping the Ace and the Face Cards (King, Queen, and Jack). The 48-card German deck discards the 3, 4, and 5 of each suit. The German deck doesn't use Aces and renames the 2 as the Ass ("Ace") or Daus ("Deuce"), the 10 as the Panier ("Banner"), the Jack as the Unter (Untermann or "Lesser Knave", a sergeant or footman with the suit pip at the lower corner of the field), and the Queen as the Ober (Obermann or "Greater Knave", a knight or officer with the suit pip at the upper corner of the field).The Obers and Unters of each suit are depicted with different weaponry depending on their suit. The Ober and Unter of Acorns carry a mace and bossed shield, the Ober and Unter of Leaves are military musicians (with the Ober playing the drum and the Unter playing the fife), the Ober and Unter of Hearts are armed with polearms or quarterstaves, and the Ober and Unter of Bells are armed with swords. The King (or Koenig) of each suit is shown crowned and holding a scepter, with one or two suit pips in the upper field.

{{Reflist}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

• [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1896-0501-495 British Museum: Das Spiel der Hofnung]
• [http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=844/ Tarot History Forum discussion thread: German Lenormand 1846 / Spiel der Hoffnung 1799]

{{Playing cards}}

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Category:German non-fiction writers

Category:Board game designers

Category:Playing cards

Category:Cartomancy

Category:Businesspeople from Nuremberg

Category:1771 births

Category:1799 deaths

Category:Deaths from smallpox

Category:18th-century German writers

Category:German male non-fiction writers

Category:18th-century German businesspeople