Johann Weikhard von Valvasor

{{Infobox scientist

|name = Johann Weikhard von Valvasor
Janez Vajkard Valvasor

|image = File:Janez Vajkard Valvasor.jpg

|image_size = 200px

|alt = Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in 1689

|caption = Valvasor in 1689

|birth_name =

|birth_date = 1641

|birth_place = Laibach, Carniola, Austria
{{small|(now Ljubljana, Slovenia)}}

|death_date = September or October 1693 (aged 52)

|death_place = Gurkfeld, Carniola, Austria
{{small|(now Krško, Slovenia)}}

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|known_for = nobleman, scholar, polymath

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|title = Member of the Royal Society

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|spouse = Anna Rosina Valvasor née Grafenweger

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|parents = Bartholomäus von Valvasor
Anna Maria von Valvasor née Rauber

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File:Izvirnik Slave vojvodine Kranjske iz leta 1689.jpg, published 1689]]

File:Topographia Archiducatus Carinthiae antiquae et modernae completa (title page).jpg

File:Herzogtum_Krain_-_JWV_Buch_2_141-142.jpeg

Johann Weikhard Freiherr von Valvasor{{#tag:ref|The word "Freiherr" denotes a baron. Valvasor never officially held the title, but was referred to as such by the people who admired him and gradually adopted it also himself in his writings.{{cite journal |url=http://www.zgodovinskicasopis.si/_pdf/Digital-archive/ZC_2007_3-4.pdf |first=Boris |last=Golec |title=Neznano in presenetljivo o življenju, družini, smrti, grobu in zapuščini Janeza Vajkarda Valvasorja |language=sl, en, de |trans-title=Hitherto Unknown and Surprising Findings about the Life, Family, Death, Gravesite, and Legacy of Janez Vajkard Valvasor |journal=Zgodovinski časopis [Historical review]: Glasilo Zveze zgodovinskih društev Slovenije |volume=61 |year=2007 |issue=3–4 |issn=0350-5774 |id={{COBISS|ID=27721261}} |pages=303–364 |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031116/http://www.zgodovinskicasopis.si/_pdf/Digital-archive/ZC_2007_3-4.pdf |url-status=dead }} |group=Note}} or Johann Weichard Freiherr von Valvasor{{#tag:ref|Although the spelling Weichard is used in Die Ehre... and Topographia..., the spelling Weikhard is more common in printed sources today.|group=Note}} ({{langx|sl|Janez Vajkard Valvasor}}, {{IPA|sl|ˈʋáːlʋazɔɾ|pron}}){{cite web|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Valvasor&hs=1|access-date=25 March 2015}} or simply Valvasor (baptised on 28 May 1641 – September or October 1693) was a natural historian and polymath from Carniola, present-day Slovenia, and a fellow of the Royal Society in London.

He is known as a pioneer in the study of karst topography. Together with his other writings, until the late 19th century his best-known work—the 1689 Glory of the Duchy of Carniola, published in 15 books in four volumes—was the main source for older Slovenian history, making him one of the precursors of modern Slovenian historiography.Reisp, Branko et al. (1987): Korespondenca Janeza Vajkarda Valvasorja z Royal Society. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 15.

Biography

Valvasor was born in the town of Ljubljana (Laibach), at the time the principal city of Duchy of Carniola, today the capital of Slovenia, to an aristocratic family originally from Bergamo, Italy.{{cite web |url=https://www.bogensperk.si/en/biography.html |title=Johann Weikhard von Valvasor: Slovenian by homeland, European by spirit |website=bogensperk.si |access-date=February 15, 2003 |quote=The noble family of Valvasor originates from Bergamo in northern Italy.}} In the 16th century, it was Johann Baptist Valvasor who moved the Valvasor family to the Duchy of Carniola in central Europe, to a part of the Habsburg monarchy that is now part of Slovenia. In medieval Latin Valvasor or Valvasore held the meaning 'carrier of a feud'.{{cite book |title=Dizionario universale delle arti e delle scienze, vol. 9 |date=1749 |publisher=Giambatista Pasquali |location=Venice |pages=16–17}}

Neither the exact day nor the actual place of Valvasor's birth are known, but his baptism was registered at Ljubljana Cathedral, where he was baptized Joannes Waichard Valvasor.{{cite book |title=Taufbuch |date=1638–1643 |location=Ljubljana – Sv. Nikolaj |page=163 |url=https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/slovenia/ljubljana/ljubljana-sv-nikolaj/01185/?pg=86 |access-date=February 27, 2022}} He was the twelfth child born to Bartholomäus and Anna Maria Freiin von Rauber, who only lived at Medija Castle in Izlake but also had a town residence in Ljubljana at Old Square. His godparents were Freiherr (Baron) Konrad Ruess von Ruessenstein from Strmol Castle and Regina Dorothea Rasp from Krumperk Castle.

Valvasor's father died when the boy was ten years old. His mother died when he was 16. At the time he was attending the Jesuit school in Ljubljana.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvMTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |chapter=Janez Vajkard / Johann Weikhard Valvasor |page=215 |title=Slovenski književniki v Ljubljani |trans-title=Slovene Literates in Ljubljana |language=sl|publisher=ZRC |first1=Marjan |last1=Dolgan |first2=Jerneja |last2=Fridl |first3=Manca |last3=Volk |year=2014 |isbn=9789612547110}} Graduating in 1659 at the age of seventeen, he did not choose to continue his studies at a university but decided to broaden his horizons by meeting learned men on a journey across Europe. This journey lasted fourteen years and it even took him to northern Africa. During this period, he joined the army in the Austro-Turkish War, where he became closely acquainted with the conditions on the Croatian Military Frontier.

Shortly after marrying 13-year-old Anna Rosina Grafenweger in 1672, Valvasor acquired Bogenšperk Castle near Litija, where he arranged a writing, drawing and printing workshop. Valvasor spent a fortune on the publishing of his books; towards the end of his life, his debts forced him to sell Bogenšperk Castle, his vast library and his collection of prints. In 1690, Aleksandar Ignacije Mikulić, the Bishop of Zagreb, bought his library, along with some 7,300 graphics, and moved it to Slavonia, where the collection became part of the library of the Zagreb Archbishopric, now part of the Croatian State Archives.[http://www.arhiv.hr/hr/hda/fs-ovi/metropolitana.htm Croatian State Archives], Division of the Zagreb Archbishopy. Retrieved 3 April 2009 {{in lang|hr}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019040253/http://www.arhiv.hr/hr/hda/fs-ovi/metropolitana.htm |date=19 October 2008 }}

In 1692, he lost most of his wealth after he invested in travel, graphics and printbooks which proved unprofitable. He had nine children, among them daughters Maria Sidonia, Maximilla Kordula, Johanna Rosina, and Anna Theresia, and sons Wolfang Waikhard, Johann Gottlieb, Johann Ludwig, Johann Wolfgang Engelbert, and Franz Joseph. Five children died very early, and then, when delivering their last child in 1687, Anna Maria Rosina died as well. Just three months after her death, Valvasor married Baroness Anna Maximilla Zetschker of Vrhovo. They had four children. In 1693, the same year that their last child, Franz Engelbert, was baptized, Valvasor died at age 52 in Krško.

He is believed to have been buried in the family crypt at Medija Castle,{{cite web|title=Valvasor, Janez Vajkard, baron|url=http://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi759993/|website=Slovenski biografski leksikon|access-date=15 April 2018}} but this is uncertain. The Yugoslav Partisans dynamited the castle in 1944Information sign posted at Medija Castle. and no trace of his putative grave remains today.

Legacy

=''The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola''=

Valvasor's most important work remains The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola (original title: {{lang|de|Die Ehre deß Herzogthums Crain}},Johann Weichard von Valvasor: {{lang|de|Die Ehre Deß Hertzogthums Crain, Das ist, Wahre, gründliche, und recht eigendliche Gelegen- und Beschaffenheit dieses, in manchen alten und neuen Geschicht-Büchern zwar rühmlich berührten, doch bishero nie annoch recht beschriebenen Römisch-Keyserlichen herrlichen Erblandes : Anjetzo, Vermittelst einer vollkommenen und ausführlichen Erzehlung aller seiner Landschafften, Felder ... alter und neuer Denckwürdigkeiten ... Jn Funffzehen, wiewol in vier Haupt-Theile unterschiedenen, Büchern, wie auch häuffigen Abrissen und zierlichen Kupffer-Figuren, ausgebreitet / von Johann Weichard Valvasor, Freyherrn. Aber Jn reines Teutsch gebracht von Erasmum Francisci. Laybach}}, {{lang|la|Anno MDCLXXXIX.}}''{{Cite magazine

|last=Ley

|first=Willy

|date=February 1968

|title=Epitaph for a Lonely Olm

|department=For Your Information

|url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v26n03_1968-02_modified#page/n37/mode/2up

|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction

|pages=95–104

}} Slovene: {{lang|sl|Slava vojvodine Kranjske}}), published in 1689{{Cite book|url=http://atena.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13398218&search_terms=DTL173|title=Die Ehre dess Hertzogthums Crain|work=Acta Eruditorum|year=1689|location=Leipzig|pages=549 [i.e. 529]}} in 15 books (four volumes), totalling 3532 pages and including 528 illustrations and 24 appendices, which provides a vivid description of Carniola at the time. He also recorded the first written document on vampires when he wrote on the legend of a vampire in Istria named Jure Grando.Boris Perić, [http://www.naklada-ljevak.hr/knjiga/show/id/187 Vampir], Biblioteka 21, Zagreb ( Naklada Ljevak) 2006. (Croat) {{ISBN|953-178-741-7}}Boris Perić, Vampir, translated into Slovene by Iztok Osojnik, Zbirka Beri globalno, Ljubljana (Tuma) 2007. {{ISBN|978-961-6682-05-3}}

From 2009 until 2012, it was translated into Slovene by Doris, Primož and Božidar Debenjak. The initiator, project manager, editor and technical editor of this monumental publishing project was Tomaž Čeč.{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/knjige/veliki-podvig-prevajanja-valvasorja-je-zakljucen/284697 |title=Veliki podvig prevajanja Valvasorja je zaključen |work=MMC RTV Slovenija |date=6 June 2012 |publisher=RTV Slovenija}}

=Karst research=

Valvasor was a pioneer of study of karst phenomena. Upon the proposal of Edmond Halley, who was not only an astronomer but also a geophysicist, and in 1687 his extensive treatise on the hydrology of intermittent Lake Cerknica won him a fellowship of the Royal Society.Reisp, Branko et al. 1987. Korespondenca Janeza Vajkarda Valvasorja z Royal Society. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 15.

Works

Dominicae passionis icones, 1679, reprint 1970 {{COBISS|ID=261635}}
Topographia Ducatus Carnioliae modernae das ist Controfee aller Stätt, Märckht, Clöster und Schlösser, wie sie anietzo stehen in dem Herzogthumb Crain, 1679, reprint 1970 {{COBISS|ID=19019831}}
Topographia arcium Lambergianarum id est arces, castella et dominia in Carniolia habita possident comites a Lamberg; Bagenspergi (Bogenšperg), 1679 {{COBISS|ID=75121664}}, reprint 1995 {{COBISS|ID=50098688}}
Topographia Archiducatus Carinthiae modernae: das ist Controfee aller Stätt, Märckht, Clöster, undt Schlösser, wie sie anietzo stehen in dem Ertzhertzogthumb Khärnten; Wagensperg in Crain (Bogenšperg), 1681 {{COBISS|ID=87695872}}; Nürnberg, 1688 {{COBISS|ID=87695872}}
Carniolia, Karstia, Histria et Windorum Marchia, Labaci (Ljubljana) 1681 {{COBISS|ID=217886464}}
Theatrum mortis humanae tripartitum: figuris aeneis illustratum : das ist: Schau-Bühne des menschlichen Todts in drey Theil : mit schönen Kupffer-Stichen geziehrt vnd an Tag gegeben; Laybach, Saltzburg (Ljubljana, Salzburg); 1682 {{COBISS|ID=53622528}}
Topographia Archiducatus Carinthiae antiquae & modernae completa: Das ist Vollkommene und gründliche Land – Beschreibung des berühmten Erz – Herzogthums Kärndten; Nürnberg 1688, {{COBISS|ID=87695872}}
Opus insignium armorumque ...; (1687–1688) {{COBISS|ID=33650176}}
File:Enhanced Acta Eruditorum - XIII slovenia geografia, 1689 – BEIC 13398218.jpg, 1689]]Die Ehre deß Hertzogthums Crain: das ist, Wahre, gründliche, und recht eigendliche Belegen- und Beschaffenheit dieses Römisch-Keyserlichen herrlichen Erblandes; Laybach (Ljubljana) 1689 {{COBISS|ID=29952257}}

Notes

References

External links

[http://www.valvasor.org/index.php Valvasor.org – Life and work of Johann Weichard Freiherr von Valvasor]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[https://www.scribd.com/people/documents/27348484-johann-weikhard-freiherr-von-valvasor J.W.F. Valvasor Digital Library on scribd.com]

Category:1641 births

Category:1693 deaths

Category:Carniolan historians

Category:Carniolan geographers

Category:Carniolan ethnographers

Category:Carniolan topographers

Category:Carniolan cartographers

Category:Carniolan alchemists

Category:Carniolan publishers (people)

Category:Carniolan soldiers

Category:Carniolan inventors

Category:Carniolan collectors