John Babbacombe Lee

{{short description|British murderer who escaped execution three times}}

{{redirect|Babbacombe Lee|the album by Fairport Convention about John Babbacombe Lee|"Babbacombe" Lee}}

{{Infobox criminal

| name = John "Babbacombe" Lee

| image = John Babbacombe Lee.gif

| birth_name = John Henry George Lee

| birth_date = 15 August 1864{{Cite web|url=http://murderresearch.com/johnlee/john-lees-story/|title=John Babbacombe Lee's Story}}

| birth_place = Abbotskerswell, Devon, England

| death_date = {{dda|1945|03|19|1864|11|15|df=y}}

| death_place = United States of America

| known_for = Execution survivor

}}

John Henry George "Babbacombe" Lee (15 August 1864 – 19 March 1945) was an Englishman famous for surviving three attempts to hang him for murder. Born in Abbotskerswell, Devon, Lee served in the Royal Navy, and was a known thief.{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=john+lee:+the+man+they+could+not+hang+derek+lee+clifford+lee|title=Google Search|website=www.google.com}}

In 1885 he was convicted of the murder of his employer, Emma Keyse, at her home at Babbacombe Bay near Torquay on 15 November 1884, with a knife.{{Cite web|title=John Lee, The Man They Could Not Hang {{!}} Blog|url=https://www.searchusapeople.com/blog/john-lee.php|access-date=2020-12-08|website=searchusapeople.com|date=23 June 2019 |language=en-US}} The evidence was weak and circumstantial, amounting to little more than Lee having been the only male in the house at the time of the murder, his previous criminal record, and being found with an unexplained cut on his arm. Despite this and his claim of innocence, he was sentenced to hang. After he survived three attempts at hanging, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He became popularly known as "the man they couldn't hang".{{cite web |last1=Waugh |first1=Ian |title=The Man they Could not Hang |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southwest/series1/john-babbacombe-lee.shtml |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |access-date=8 July 2015}}

Attempted execution and aftermath

On 23 February 1885, three attempts were made to carry out Lee's execution at Exeter Prison. All ended in failure, as the trapdoor of the scaffold failed to open despite being carefully tested by the executioner, James Berry, beforehand. The medical officer refused to take any further part in the proceedings, and they were stopped.

Berry provides a detailed account of the failed execution in his memoirs, My Experiences as an Executioner,{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/MyExperiencesAsAnExecutioner|title=My Experiences as an Executioner|last=Berry|first=James|publisher=Percy Lund & Co|year=1892|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/MyExperiencesAsAnExecutioner/page/n31 59]-63}} noting that the trapdoor was adjusted with a saw and axe between the attempted executions, although in Berry's memoirs and letter to the Under-Sheriff he mentions only two attempted executions.

As a result Home Secretary Sir William Harcourt commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. The Home Office ordered an investigation into the failure of the apparatus, and it was discovered that when the gallows was moved from the old infirmary into the coach house, the draw bar was slightly misaligned. As a result the hinges of the trapdoor bound and did not drop cleanly through.Home Office report HO 144/148/A38492 XC12399 Lee continued to petition successive Home Secretaries and was finally released in 1907.{{cite web|last1=Solftley|first1=Sarah|title=A shadow of doubt – the story of the man they couldn't hang|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2008/09/12/shadowofdoubt_feature.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 July 2016}}

The only other man in history known to have survived three hanging attempts was Joseph Samuel, in September 1803, in Sydney, Australia.{{Cite book|last=Jupp|first=James|author-link=James Jupp|title=The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People, and Their Origins|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-80789-0|page=525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&q=Joseph+Samuel+%2B+hanging&pg=PA525}}

An alternative theory, raised by Ernest Bowen-Rowlands in his book In the Light of the Law,{{Cite book|title=In the Light of the Law|last=Bowen-Rowlands|first=Ernest|publisher=Grant Richards|year=1931}} suggests that the trap was blocked by a wooden wedge that was inserted by a prisoner working on the scaffold, and removed when the apparatus was tested. Note that Bowen-Rowlands only cites an anonymous "well-known person", citing an equally anonymous prisoner's confession, and this would contrast with Berry's reputation (noted by prison governors and surgeons) as a meticulous professional.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/MyExperiencesAsAnExecutioner|title=My Experiences as an Executioner|last=Berry|first=James|publisher=Percy Lund and Co|year=1892|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/MyExperiencesAsAnExecutioner/page/n15 28]-29}}

Later years and identifications

After his release, Lee seems to have exploited his notoriety, supporting himself through lecturing on his life, even becoming the subject of a silent film. Accounts of his whereabouts after 1916 are somewhat confused, and one researcher even speculated that in later years there was more than one man claiming to be Lee. It was suspected that he died in the Tavistock workhouse{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southwest/series1/john-babbacombe-lee.shtml|title=The Man They Could Not Hang|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=14 October 2002|access-date=30 September 2012}} sometime during the Second World War. However, more recent research concludes that he may have died in the United States under the name of "James Lee" in 1945.{{cite web|url=http://www.ianwaugh.com/murderresearch/where|title=Where Is John Lee?|publisher=Ianwaugh.com|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121233712/http://www.ianwaugh.com/murderresearch/where|archive-date=21 November 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} According to this research, presented in the book The Man They Could Not Hang (Holgate and Waugh, 2005), Lee's gravestone was located at Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee in 2009.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisconsinfrights.com/grave-of-john-babbacombe-lee/|title=The "Man They Could Not Hang" Died Secretly in Milwaukee|first=Charlie|last=Hintz|date=1 October 2018|website=www.cultofweird.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://foresthomecemetery.com/dignitaries/john-babbacombe-lee/|title=John "Babbacombe" Lee | Dignitaries|website=Forest Home Cemetery}}

Popular culture

The Life Story of John Lee, or The Man They Could Not Hang, a 1912 film
"Babbacombe" Lee, a 1971 album by Fairport Convention{{cite book | author1 = David Laing | author2 = Robin Denselow | author3 = Robert Shelton | title = The Electric Muse | publisher = Eyre Methuen Ltd | location = London | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-413-31860-5 | page = 162}}
The case was covered and examined in a 2021 episode of the BBC One series Murder, Mystery and My Family, in which the verdict originally reached by the jury was upheld.{{Citation|title=Murder, Mystery and My Family - Series 5: 3. Lee|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000xhby/murder-mystery-and-my-family-series-5-3-lee|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-07-05}}
The Men They Couldn't Hang, British folk punk group whose name was inspired by Lee