John Barleycorn

The Penguin Book of English Folk Songs (London, 1959), edited by the folk singer A. L. Lloyd and the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, ponders whether the ballad is "an unusually coherent folklore survival" or "the creation of an antiquarian revivalist, which has passed into popular currency and become 'folklorised{{'"}}. It has been theorised that the figure could have some relation to the semi-mythical wicker man ritual, which involves burning a man in effigy.

A link between the mythical figure Beowa (a figure from Anglo-Saxon paganism, appearing in early Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies; his name means "barley") and John Barleycorn is suggested by the author Kathleen Herbert. In her 1994 book Looking for the Lost Gods Of England, she suggests that Beowa and Barleycorn are one and the same, noting that the folksong details the suffering, death, and resurrection of Barleycorn, yet celebrates the "reviving effects of drinking his blood".{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Kathleen| title=Looking for the Lost Gods of England |publisher=Anglo-Saxon Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-898281-04-7 |page=16}}

File:John Barleycorn MET DP-300-063 (cropped).jpg

The first song to personify Barley was called Allan-a-Maut ('Alan of the malt'), a Scottish song written prior to 1568;

Allan is also the subject of "Quhy Sowld Nocht Allane Honorit Be", a fifteenth or sixteenth century Scots poem included in the Bannatyne Manuscript of 1568 and 17th century English broadsides.

The first mention of "John Barleycorn" as the character was in a 1624 London broadside entitled introduced as "A Pleasant New Ballad to sing Evening and morn, / Of the Bloody murder of Sir John Barley-corn". The following two verses are from this 1624 version:

{{poem quote|Yestreen, I heard a pleasant greeting

A pleasant toy and full of joy, two noblemen were meeting

And as they walked for to sport, upon a summer's day,

Then with another nobleman, they went to make affray

Whose names was Sir John Barleycorn, he dwelt down in a dale,

Who had a kinsman lived nearby, they called him Thomas Good Ale,

Another named Richard Beer, was ready at that time,

Another worthy knight was there, called Sir William White Wine.}}

The final two verses of this 1624 version show Barleycorn's vengeance through intoxicating his killers:

{{poem quote|When Sir John Goodale he came with mickle might

Then he took their tongues away, their legs or else their sight

And thus Sir John in each respect, so paid them all their hire

That some lay sleeping by the way, some tumbling in the mire

Some lay groaning by the walls, some in the streets downright,

The best of them did scarcely know, what they had done oernight

All you good wives that brew good ale, God turn from you all teen

But if you put too much liquor in, the Devil put out your een.}}

Robert Burns published his own version in 1782, which adds a more mysterious undertone and became the model for most subsequent versions of the ballad. Burns's version begins:

{{poem quote|There was three kings unto the east,

Three kings both great and high,

And they hae sworn a solemn oath

John Barleycorn should die.

They took a plough and plough'd him down,

Put clods upon his head,

And they hae sworn a solemn oath

John Barleycorn was dead.}}

Unlike other versions, Robert Burns makes John Barleycorn into a saviour:

{{poem quote|And they hae taen his very heart's blood,

And drank it round and round;

And still the more and more they drank,

Their joy did more abound.

John Barleycorn was a hero bold,

Of noble enterprise;

For if you do but taste his blood,

'Twill make your courage rise.

'Twill make a man forget his woe;

'Twill heighten all his joy;

'Twill make the widow's heart to sing,

Tho' the tear were in her eye.

Then let us toast John Barleycorn,

Each man a glass in hand;

And may his great posterity

Ne'er fail in old Scotland!}}

Many field recordings of the song were made of traditional singers performing the song, mostly in England. In 1908, Percy Grainger used phonograph technology to record a Lincolnshire man named William Short singing the song; the recording can be heard on the British Library Sound Archive website.{{cite web|url=https://sounds.bl.uk/World-and-traditional-music/Percy-Grainger-Collection/025M-1LL0010291XX-0101V0|work=British Library Sounds|title=Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders {{!}} John Barleycorn|access-date=25 May 2022}} James Madison Carpenter recorded a fragment sung by a Harry Wiltshire of Wheald, Oxfordshire in the 1930s, which is available on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website{{cite web|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN19068|work=Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|title=Sir John Barleycorn (VWML Song Index SN19068)|access-date=25 May 2022}} as well as another version probably performed by a Charles Phelps of Avening, Gloucestershire.{{cite web|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/VWMLSongIndex/SN18608|work=aVaughan Williams Memorial Library|title=John Barleycorn (VWML Song Index SN18608)|access-date=25 May 2022}} The Shropshire singer Fred Jordan was recorded singing a traditional version in the 1960s.{{cite web|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S240733|work=Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|title=John Barleycorn (Roud Folksong Index S240733)|access-date=25 May 2022}}

A version recorded in Doolin, Co. Clare, Ireland from a Michael Flanagan in the 1970s is available courtesy of the County Clare Library.{{cite web|url=https://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/songs/cmc/the_barley_grain_mflanagan.htm|work=County Clare Library|title=The Barley Grain (Roud 164)|access-date=25 May 2022}}

The Scottish singer Duncan Williamson also had a traditional version which was recorded.{{cite web|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S240727|work=Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|title=John Barleycorn (Roud Folksong Index (S240727)|access-date=25 May 2022}}

Helen Hartness Flanders recorded a version sung by a man named Thomas Armstrong of Mooers Forks, New York, USA in 1935.{{cite web|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S240732|work=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|title=John Barleycorn (Roud Folksong Index S240727)|access-date=25 May 2022}}

Ralph Vaughan Williams used a version of the song in his English Folk Song Suite (1923).{{cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.o007350|journal=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|title=Vaughan Williams, Ralph (opera)|first=Michael|last=Kennedy|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.o007350|date=1 December 1992|access-date=25 May 2022}}

Many versions of the song have been recorded, including popular versions by the rock groups Traffic (appearing on their 1970 album John Barleycorn Must Die) and Jethro Tull (appearing first on their 1992 album A Little Light Music and then on various other albums). The song has also been recorded by Fire + Ice, Gae Bolg, Bert Jansch, the John Renbourn Group, Pentangle, Finest Kind, Martin Carthy, Roy Bailey, Martyn Bates in collaboration with Max Eastley, the Watersons, Steeleye Span, Joe Walsh, Fairport Convention, Donnybrook Fair, Oysterband, Frank Black, Quadriga Consort, Maddy Prior, Heather Alexander, Leslie Fish, Tim van Eyken, Barry Dransfield, Of Cabbages and Kings, Winterfylleth (band), John Langstaff, Ayreheart, and many other performers. The song is also a central part of Simon Emmerson's The Imagined Village project. Martin and Eliza Carthy perform the song alongside Paul Weller on the Imagined Village album. Billy Bragg sang in Weller's place on live performances. Rock guitarist Joe Walsh performed the song live in 2007 as a tribute to Jim Capaldi. English folk musician Sam Lee recorded a version on his album "Old Wow," accompanied by a video filmed at Stonehenge.{{cite web|url=https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2021/09/watch-sam-lee-john-barleycorn|work=Folk Radio|title=Watch: Sam Lee – John Barleycorn|date=24 September 2021|access-date=25 May 2022}}

Julian Cope's album Drunken Songs has the following written on its front cover: "John Barleycorn died for somebody's sins but not mine." This is both a reference to John Barleycorn, Patti Smith, and the Traffic album mentioned above.

File:John Barleycorn, Duxford - geograph.org.uk - 758286.jpg, Cambridgeshire]]

For his 2017 album, “Sillion”, Johnny Flynn wrote the song “Barleycorn” which heavily references the character John Barleycorn.

In the 2014 album "One and All, Together, For Home", Winterfylleth interprets the Robert Burns version of the poem.

In Green Lung's 2021 single, "Reaper's Scythe", the character is referenced with the line "'John Barleycorn must die'".{{Cite web |title=Reaper's Scythe, by GREEN LUNG |url=https://greenlung.bandcamp.com/track/reapers-scythe |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=GREEN LUNG |language=en}}

File:Masked criminal at the grave of John Barleycorn cph.3b52743.jpg illustration]]

"John Barleycorn" has been used as a symbol or a slang term for alcohol,{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/John+Barleycorn|work=Merriam-Webster|title=Thesaurus results for JOHN BARLEYCORN|access-date=25 May 2022}} and its association with alcohol has been used in various areas of life. Several pubs in the South of England are called "John Barleycorn", in locations including Harlow, Southampton and Reading. Jack London's 1913 autobiographical novel John Barleycorn takes its name from the song and discusses his enjoyment of drinking and struggles with alcoholism.

File:John Barleycorn use of name in headline.pngThe use of the term to symbolise alcohol misuse was so widespread that it was used as a headline on court reports about drunkenness in late Victorian times.

In the climax of the Inside No. 9 episode 'Mr King', the song is performed by a class of schoolchildren as they prepare to ritualistically sacrifice their teacher for their harvest festival.{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/inside-no-9-mr-king-ending-explained|work=Radio Times|title=Inside No. 9 episode 2 ending explained: Who is Mr King?|first=David|last=Craig|date=27 April 2022|access-date=25 May 2022}}

• Corn dolly
• Harvest

{{Reflist}}

• The Function of Song in Contemporary British Drama by Elizabeth Hale Winkler [https://books.google.com/books?id=2npv1rg-b8YC&pg=PA75 On line book]
• [http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.fr/2012/10/british-folk-music-john-barleycorn.html British Folk Music – John Barleycorn]
• "John Barleycorn: The evolution of a folk-song family", Peter Wood, Folk Music Journal, Vol. 8 no. 4, 438-455.

• [http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/j_barley.htm "John Barleycorn revisited"], essay by Peter Wood, British folk music scholar, 2004
• {{wikisource-inline}}
• [http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20199/citation A pleasant new Ballad to sing both Euen and Morne, / Of the bloody murther of Sir John Barley-corne, 1624?, English Broadside Ballad Archive.]

{{Robert Burns}}

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Category:English folk songs

Category:Songs about fictional male characters

Category:Songs about alcohol

Category:Traffic (band) songs

Category:Beer culture

Category:Murder ballads

Category:Wicker man