John Baugh

Baugh began his undergraduate studies at Taft College before transferring to Temple University, where he completed his B.A. in Speech, Rhetoric, and Communication. He then earned both an M.A. and Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania, under the doctoral supervision of sociologist William Labov. In addition to Labov, Baugh studied extensively under anthropological linguist Dell Hymes and sociologist Erving Goffman.

Baugh's first academic appointment was as lecturer in Black Studies and Linguistics at Swarthmore College in 1975. In 1978, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Sociology and Anthropology, Black Studies, and Linguistics at Swarthmore. The following year, he began teaching at the University of Texas at Austin as an Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Foreign Language Education. He was promoted to Associate Professor with tenure in 1984.

In 1990, Baugh became a Professor of Education and Linguistics at Stanford University, where he remained until 2005. During this time, Baugh served as director of the Stanford Teacher Education Program. He became Professor Emeritus at Stanford upon his departure in 2005.{{Cite web|date=28 May 2018|title=Get to Know Your Instructors: John Baugh|url=https://lsa2019.ucdavis.edu/get-to-know-your-instructor-john-baugh/|access-date=15 January 2021|website=2019 Linguistic Institute {{!}} University of California, Davis}}

Baugh joined the teaching faculty of Washington University in St. Louis in 2005 as the Margaret Bush Wilson Professor in Arts and Sciences. He served a term as director of African and African American Studies from 2005 to 2010, and he now holds appointments in the departments of Anthropology, Education, English, Linguistics, Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Urban Studies.

Baugh’s early research focused on the language and culture of African Americans, employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative sociolinguistic methods. Baugh conducted the first longitudinal linguistic study of African American adults, described in his first book, Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure, and Survival.{{Cite book|last=Baugh|first=John|url=https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/baubla|title=Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure, and Survival|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-292-70743-6|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127235341/https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/baubla|url-status=dead}} Its title was chosen in consultation with those whom Baugh interviewed for the project; they often described their vernacular, or most informal manner of speech, as "street speech".

In 1999, while at Stanford University, Baugh wrote Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice.{{Cite book|last=Baugh|first=John|url=https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/bauout|title=Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice By John Baugh|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-292-70872-3|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605063951/https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/bauout|url-status=dead}} The book contains a combination of linguistic and educational research, including specific ideas about ways to increase literacy among African Americans, who often fall victim to various forms of educational malpractice.

In response to an educational and legal controversy that resulted from a 1996 resolution by the Oakland Unified School District in California that declared Ebonics to be the indigenous language of its 27,000 African American students, Baugh wrote Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice.{{Cite book|last=Baugh|first=John|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41548315|title=Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-512046-9|oclc=41548315}} Baugh debunked many of the misconceptions about the concept of Ebonics (a portmanteau of "ebony" and "phonics", for "black sounds", a term coined by social psychologist Robert Williams) as well as some of the educational policies that emerged in the wake of the controversy.

In 2022, Baugh was named to the advisory board of the Oxford Dictionary of African American English.{{cite web |last=Jefferson |first=Brandie |title=Baugh named to board of Oxford Dictionary of African American English |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2022/09/baugh-named-to-board-of-oxford-dictionary-of-african-american-english/ |website=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |access-date=6 October 2022 |date=6 September 2022}}{{cite web |title=ODAAE Project Team |url=https://public.oed.com/history/oed-staff/odaae-advisory-board/ |website=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=6 October 2022}}

Baugh and Joel Sherzer edited Language in Use: Readings in Sociolinguistics, a volume of sociolinguistic studies that includes a combination of qualitative and quantitative studies of language usage in diverse speech communities.{{Cite book|last1=Baugh|first1=John|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/850644109|title=Language in Use: Readings in Sociolinguistics|last2=Sherzer|first2=Joel|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1984|isbn=978-0-13-522996-5|oclc=850644109}}

His next editorial collaboration in sociolinguistics was a festschrift in honor of his mentor William Labov that was produced under the editorial leadership of Gregory Guy of New York University. This work, Towards a Social Science of Language, was published in two volumes: Variation and Change in Language and Society and Social Interaction and Discourse Structures.{{Cite book|url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.127|title=Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honor of William Labov, Volume 1: Variation and Change in Language and Society|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=1996|isbn=1-55619-581-8}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768761306|title=Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honor of William Labov, Volume 2: Social Interaction and Discourse Structures|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=1997|isbn=978-90-272-7601-8|oclc=768761306}} The studies in both volumes pay tribute to Labov’s influence on the field of sociolinguistics.

Baugh's research on linguistic profiling began with his own experience seeking housing in the San Francisco Bay Area as an African American.{{Cite web|last1=Hemphill|first1=Evie|last2=Lally|first2=Caitlin|date=4 September 2018|title=Wash U linguist analyzes American dialects, discrimination|url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2018-09-04/wash-u-linguist-analyzes-american-dialects-discrimination|access-date=19 January 2021|website=St. Louis Public Radio}} Baugh noticed that landlords who had given him an appointment after he utilized Standard American English over the phone later denied him the opportunity to rent after meeting in person. Baugh conducted a series of experiments, initially described by Thomas Purnell, William Idsardi, and Baugh in the 1999 article "Perceptual and Phonetic Experiments on American English Dialect Identification", showing that discrimination can occur based on dialect and that listeners can identify ethnicity through short samples of speech alone.{{Cite journal|last1=Purnell|first1=Thomas|last2=Idsardi|first2=William|last3=Baugh|first3=John|date=March 1999|title=Perceptual and Phonetic Experiments on American English Dialect Identification|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247743380|journal=Journal of Language and Social Psychology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=10–30|doi=10.1177/0261927X99018001002|s2cid=28519479|via=ResearchGate}}

Baugh’s findings have been replicated by others,{{Cite journal|last1=Squires|first1=Gregory D.|last2=Chadwick|first2=Jan|date=January 2006|title=Linguistic Profiling: A Continuing Tradition of Discrimination in the Home Insurance Industry?|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1078087405281064|journal=Urban Affairs Review|volume=41|issue=3|pages=400–415|doi=10.1177/1078087405281064|s2cid=154136739|issn=1078-0874|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last1=Leech|first1=Tamara G.J.|last2=Irby-Shasanmi|first2=Amy|last3=Mitchell|first3=Anne L.|date=December 2018|title="Are you accepting new patients?" A pilot field experiment on telephone-based gatekeeping and Black patients' access to pediatric care|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329370027|journal=Health Services Research|volume=54|issue=Suppl 1 |pages=234–242|doi=10.1111/1475-6773.13089|pmc=6341201|pmid=30506767|via=ResearchGate}}{{Cite journal|last=Bavan|first=Meena S.|date=2007|title=Does Housing Discrimination Exist Based on the 'Color' of an Individual's Voice?|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1089454|journal=Cityscape|volume=9|issue=1|pages=93–107|ssrn=1089454|via=SSRN}} affirming that people who speak with a dialect or accent that is devalued where they live may fall prey to linguistic profiling — having goods or services denied to them, typically sight unseen, during telephone calls after inquiring about those otherwise available goods or services. With long-standing support, primarily from the Ford Foundation, Baugh has continued to study various forms of linguistic discrimination in housing, education, medicine, and the law. His work, initially concentrated in the United States, has expanded to other countries and regions, including Brazil, the Caribbean, France, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.

Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods, and insights to legal contexts, especially those concerned with linguistic evidence and language use in the judicial process. The field can be traced to the Cullen Davis murder trial, in which Roger Shuy, a professor emeritus of linguistics at Georgetown University, served as an expert witness, using discourse analysis methods to evaluate the speech of suspects and the defendant.{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Gail Abbott|date=13 May 2017|title=Professor's testimony has a strong impact on Cullen Davis' case|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/language-and-law-professors-testimony-has-a-strong-impact-on-cullen-davis-case/|access-date=26 January 2021|website=CBS News}}{{Citation|last=Shuy|first=Roger W.|title=Discourse Analysis in the Legal Context|date=2001|url=http://www.rogershuy.com/slr_selected_articles_DA.html|work=The Handbook of Discourse Analysis|pages=437–452|editor-last=Schiffrin|editor-first=Deborah|publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9780470753460.ch23|isbn=978-0-631-20595-1|access-date=26 January 2021|editor2-last=Tannen|editor2-first=Deborah|editor3-last=Hamilton|editor3-first=Heidi E.|url-access=subscription}} Since then, other linguists have engaged in forensic linguistic analyses. For instance, in the Unabomber case, Shuy and FBI Agent James Fitzgerald used the language in Ted Kaczynski’s manifesto to discern his location and age.{{Cite web|last=Davies|first=Dave|date=22 August 2017|title=FBI Profiler Says Linguistic Work Was Pivotal In Capture Of Unabomber|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/08/22/545122205/fbi-profiler-says-linguistic-work-was-pivotal-in-capture-of-unabomber|access-date=26 January 2021|website=NPR}}{{Cite web|title=Do You Speak American? {{!}} Linguistic Profiling|url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/DARE/profiling/|access-date=26 January 2021|website=PBS}}

Baugh’s contributions to forensic linguistics have built upon his formulation of linguistic profiling, and his work has been used in legal cases involving hostile work environments,{{Cite journal|last=Zentella|first=Ana Celia|date=December 2014|title=TWB (Talking while Bilingual): Linguistic profiling of Latina/os, and other linguistic torquemadas|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273403204|journal=Latino Studies|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=620–635|doi=10.1057/lst.2014.63|s2cid=143525723|issn=1476-3435|via=ResearchGate}} unequal access to housing,{{Cite journal|last1=Massey|first1=Douglas S.|last2=Lundy|first2=Garvey|date=1 March 2001|title=Use of Black English and Racial Discrimination in Urban Housing Markets: New Methods and Findings|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10780870122184957|journal=Urban Affairs Review|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=452–469|doi=10.1177/10780870122184957|s2cid=153772577|issn=1078-0874|url-access=subscription}} {{closed access}} and murder.{{Cite web|date=1 January 2019|title=Schedule for Annual Conference in New York City, Jan. 3–6, 2019|url=https://www.americandialect.org/2019-nyc|access-date=1 March 2021|website=American Dialect Society}} Baugh has served as a consultant and as an expert witness in both civil and criminal trials.{{Cite web|last=Erard|first=Michael|date=July 2002|title=Language Matters|url=https://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/July-August-2002/story_erard_julaug2002.msp|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Legal Affairs}}

• Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure, and Survival (1983). University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|9780292707450}}
• Language in Use: Reading in Sociolinguistics (1984). Prentice Hall College Div. {{ISBN|9780135229965}}
• Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice (1999). University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|9780292708730}}
• Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice (2000). Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0195152890}}
• Linguistics in Pursuit of Justice (2018). Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1316607312}}

• (with Sherzer) Language in Use: Readings in Sociolinguistics (1984). Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|9780135229965}}
• (with Guy, Feagin, and Schiffrin) Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in honor of William Labov. Volume 1: Variation and change in language and society (1996). John Benjamins Publishing Company. {{ISBN|9781556195815}}
• (with Guy, Feagin, and Schiffrin) Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in honor of William Labov. Volume 2: Social interaction and discourse structures (1997). John Benjamins Publishing Company. {{ISBN|9781556195822}}
• (with Mufwene, Rickford, and Bailey) African-American English: Structure, history, and use (1998). Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415117333}}
• (with Alim) Talkin Black Talk: Language, Education, and Social Change (2006). Teachers College Press. {{ISBN|978-0807747469}}

• "Racial Identification by Speech" (2000). American Speech. 75 (4):362–364. {{doi|10.1215/00031283-75-4-362}}
• "The Ebonics Controversy" (2001). In R. Mesthrie (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. Kluwer.
• "It Ain't About Race: Some Lingering (Linguistic) Consequences of the African Slave Trade and Their Relevance to Your Personal Historical Hardship Index" (2006). Du Bois Review. 3 (1):145–159. {{doi|10.1017/S1742058X06060103}}
• "Attitudes towards Variation and Ear-Witness Testimony: Linguistic Profiling and Voice Discrimination in the Quest for Fair Housing and Fair Lending" (2007). In R. Bayley and C. Lucas (eds.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Cambridge University Press. 338–348. {{ISBN|9780521691819}}
• "At Last—Plantation English in America: Nonstandard Varieties and the Quest for Educational Equity" (2007). Research in the Teaching of English. 41 (4):465–472.
• "African American Vernacular English/Ebonics" (2012). In J. Banks (ed.), Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education. SAGE Publishing. 49–54. {{ISBN|9781412981521}}
• "SWB: (Speaking while Black): Linguistic profiling and discrimination based on speech as a surrogate for race against speakers of African American vernacular English" (2015). In S. Lanehart (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. Chapter 41, 755–769. {{ISBN|9780199795390}}
• "Linguistic Profiling and Discrimination" (2016). In N. Flores and O. Garcia (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society. Oxford University Press. 349–368. {{ISBN|9780190212896}}
• "Sociolinguistic Evaluations of Inequality" (2020). International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 263: 59–66. {{doi|10.1515/ijsl-2020-2083}}
• "Linguistic Profiling and Language-Based Discrimination" (2021). In M. Aronoff (ed.), Oxford Bibliographies in Linguistics. Oxford University Press. {{doi|10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0267}}

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Category:Living people

Category:1949 births

Category:Linguists of English

Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents

Category:Fellows of the Linguistic Society of America

Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Category:20th-century American linguists

Category:21st-century American linguists

Category:Temple University alumni

Category:University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty

Category:Stanford University Department of Linguistics faculty