John Earman

{{Short description|American philosopher of physics (born 1942)}}

{{Infobox philosopher

| region = Western philosophy

| era = Contemporary philosophy

| school_tradition = Analytic

| main_interests = Philosophy of physics

| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1942}}

| birth_place = Washington D.C., U.S.

| education = Princeton University (1968, PhD)

| institutions = University of Pittsburgh

| doctoral_advisor = {{Plainlist|

}}

| thesis_title = Some Aspects of Temporal Asymmetry

| thesis_url =

| thesis_year = 1968

| influenced = Tim Maudlin

}}

John Earman (born 1942) is an American philosopher of physics. He is an emeritus professor in the History and Philosophy of Science department at the University of Pittsburgh. He has also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, Rockefeller University, and the University of Minnesota, and was president of the Philosophy of Science Association.

Life and career

John Earman was born in Washington, D.C. in 1942. Earman received his PhD at Princeton University in 1968{{Cite web |url=http://www.hps.pitt.edu/profile/earman.php |title=John Earman |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=May 2, 2023}} with a dissertation on temporal asymmetry (titled Some Aspects of Temporal Asymmetry) and it was directed by Carl Gustav Hempel and Paul Benacerraf. After holding professorships at UCLA, the Rockefeller University, and the University of Minnesota, he joined the faculty of the History and Philosophy of Science department of the University of Pittsburgh in 1985.{{Cite web |last=Rescher |first=Nicholas |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~pittcntr/About/The_Berlin_School.pdf |title=THE BERLIN SCHOOL OF LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND ITS LEGACY |date=July 6, 2006 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}} He remained at Pittsburgh for the rest of his career.

Earman is a former president of the Philosophy of Science Association and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences.{{Cite web|url=http://www.hps.pitt.edu/people/john-earman|title=John Earman | History and Philosophy of Science | University of Pittsburgh|website=www.hps.pitt.edu}} He is a member of the Archive Board of the Phil-Sci Archive.{{Cite web|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/information.html|title=About the Archive – PhilSci-Archive|website=philsci-archive.pitt.edu}}

The hole argument

Earman has notably contributed to debate about the "hole argument". The hole argument was invented for different purposes by Albert Einstein late in 1913 as part of his quest for the general theory of relativity (GTR). It was revived and reformulated in the modern context by John3 (a short form for the "three Johns": John Earman, John Stachel, and John Norton).

With the GTR, the traditional debate between absolutism and relationalism has been shifted to whether or not spacetime is a substance, since the GTR largely rules out the existence of, e.g., absolute positions. The "hole argument" offered by John Earman is a powerful argument against manifold substantialism.

This is a technical mathematical argument but can be paraphrased as follows:

Define a function $d$ as the identity function over all elements over the manifold $M$ , excepting a small neighbourhood (topology) $H$ belonging to $M$ . Over $H$ , $d$ comes to differ from identity by a smooth function.

With use of this function $d$ we can construct two mathematical models, where the second is generated by applying $d$ to proper elements of the first, such that the two models are identical prior to the time $t=0$ , where $t$ is a time function created by a foliation of spacetime, but differ after $t=0$ .

These considerations show that, since substantialism allows the construction of holes, that the universe must, on that view, be indeterministic. Which, Earman argues, is a case against substantialism, as the case between determinism or indeterminism should be a question of physics, not of our commitment to substantialism.

Bibliography

=Books=

{{cite book | last=Earman | first=John | title=A primer on determinism | publisher=D. Reidel Pub. Co. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic | publication-place=Dordrecht Boston Norwell, MA, U.S.A | year=1986 | isbn=978-90-277-2240-9 | oclc=13859390}}
{{cite book | last=Earman | first=John | title=World enough and space-time : absolute versus relational theories of space and time | publisher=MIT Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-262-55021-5 | oclc=19130687}}
{{cite book | last=Earman | first=John | title=Bayes or bust? : a critical examination of bayesian confirmation theory | publisher=Bradford Books | publication-place=Place of publication not identified | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-262-51900-7 | oclc=948376038}}
{{cite book | last=Earman | first=John | title=Bangs, crunches, whimpers, and shrieks : singularities and acausalities in relativistic spacetimes | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=New York | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-19-509591-3 | oclc=65223337}}
{{cite book | last=Earman | first=John | title=Hume's abject failure : the argument against miracles | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford, England New York | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-512737-9 | oclc=63294618}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~jearman/|title = John Earman Bibliography}}

=Selected articles=

{{cite journal | last=Earman | first=John | title=The "Past Hypothesis": Not even false | journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=37 | issue=3 | year=2006 | issn=1355-2198 | doi=10.1016/j.shpsb.2006.03.002 | pages=399–430| bibcode=2006SHPMP..37..399E }}
"In the Beginning, At the End, and All in Between: Cosmological Aspects of Time," F. Stadler and M. Stöltzner (eds.), Time and History: Proceedings of the 28th International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium (Ontos-Verlag, 2006).
{{cite book | last=Earman | first=John | title=Philosophy of Physics | chapter=ASPECTS OF DETERMINISM IN MODERN PHYSICS | publisher=Elsevier | year=2007 | doi=10.1016/b978-044451560-5/50017-8}}
{{cite journal | last=Earman | first=John | title=Essential self-adjointness: implications for determinism and the classical–quantum correspondence | journal=Synthese | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=169 | issue=1 | date=30 May 2008 | issn=0039-7857 | doi=10.1007/s11229-008-9341-7 | pages=27–50| s2cid=40824480 }}
{{cite journal | last1=Earman | first1=John | last2=Smeenk | first2=Christopher | last3=Wüthrich | first3=Christian | title=Do the laws of physics forbid the operation of time machines? | journal=Synthese | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=169 | issue=1 | date=7 May 2008 | issn=0039-7857 | doi=10.1007/s11229-008-9338-2 | pages=91–124| s2cid=6367326 | doi-access=free }}
{{cite journal | last=Earman | first=John | title=Superselection Rules for Philosophers | journal=Erkenntnis | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=69 | issue=3 | date=27 September 2008 | issn=0165-0106 | doi=10.1007/s10670-008-9124-z | pages=377–414| s2cid=120013594 }}
{{cite journal | last=Earman | first=John | title=The Unruh effect for philosophers | journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=42 | issue=2 | year=2011 | issn=1355-2198 | doi=10.1016/j.shpsb.2011.04.001 | pages=81–97| bibcode=2011SHPMP..42...81E }}