John Gill (theologian)

{{short description|English Baptist pastor, biblical scholar and theologian (1697-1771)}}

{{Infobox person

| name = John Gill

| image = John Gill by Vertue.png

| birth_date = 23 November 1697

| death_date = {{death date and age|1771|10|14|1697|11|23|df=y}}

| alma_mater = University of Aberdeen (DD)

}}

John Gill (23 November 1697 – 14 October 1771) was an English Baptist pastor, biblical scholar, and theologian who held to a firm Calvinistic soteriology. Born in Kettering, Northamptonshire, he attended Kettering Grammar School where he mastered the Latin classics and learned Greek by age 11. He continued self-study in everything from logic to Hebrew, his love for the latter remaining throughout his life.

Early life and education

At the age of about 12, Gill heard a sermon from his pastor, William Wallis, on the text, "And the {{LORD}} God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?" ({{bibleverse||Genesis|3:9|KJV}}). The message stayed with Gill and eventually led to his conversion. It was not until seven years later that he made a public profession of faith.[https://g3min.org/read-more-gill/ G3 Ministry - Read More Gill]. Retrieved July 7, 2022. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406143404/https://g3min.org/read-more-gill/ |date=6 April 2022}}

Pastoral work

His first pastoral work was as an intern assisting John Davis at Higham Ferrers in 1718 at age 21. He became pastor at the Strict Baptist church at Goat Yard Chapel, Horsleydown, Southwark in 1719. His pastorate lasted 51 years. In 1757, his congregation needed larger premises and moved to a Carter Lane, St. Olave's Street, Southwark. This Baptist church was once pastored by Benjamin Keach and would later become the New Park Street Chapel and then the Metropolitan Tabernacle pastored by Charles Spurgeon.

During Gill's ministry, the church strongly supported the preaching of George Whitefield at nearby Kennington Common.

Various works

In 1748, Gill was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Aberdeen. He was a profound scholar and a prolific author. His most important works are:

The Doctrine of the Trinity Stated and Vindicated (London, 1731)
[http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/gills_archive.htm The Cause of God and Truth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224092431/http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/gills_archive.htm |date=24 February 2005 }} (4 parts, 1735–38), a retort to Daniel Whitby's Five Points
An Exposition of the New Testament (3 vols., 1746–48), which with his Exposition of the Old Testament (6 vols., 1748–63) forms his magnum opus
[https://books.google.com/books?id=59wOAAAAIAAJ&q=John+Gill+A+collection A Collection of Sermons and Tracts]
A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points, and Accents (1767){{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59wOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA429|title=A Collection of Sermons and Tracts ...: To which are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Life, Writing, and Character of the Author|first=John|last=Gill|date=16 January 1778|publisher=G. Keith|via=Google Books}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050224092431/http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/gills_archive.htm A Body of Doctrinal Divinity (1767)]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050224092431/http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/gills_archive.htm A Body of Practical Divinity (1770)].

Gill also edited and re-published the works of the 'antinomian' theologian Tobias Crisp. He wrote a

preface to the Hymns of Richard Davis and edited John Skepp’s book titled 'Divine Energy'. He signed the prefatory “epistle to the reader” of Herman Witsius' 'Oeconomy of the Covenants' together with John Brine.{{Cite book |last=Toon |first=Peter |title=The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689-1765 |publisher=Quinta Press |year=2003 |pages=96–97}}

Significance

John Gill was the first major writing Baptist theologian, his work retaining influence into the 21st century. Gill's relationship with hyper-Calvinism in English Baptist life is a matter of debate. Peter Toon has argued that Gill was himself a hyper-Calvinist, which would make Gill the father of Baptist hyper-Calvinism. However, Tom Nettles and Timothy George have argued that Gill was not a hyper-Calvinist.{{sfn|Nettles|1986}}{{sfn|George|1990}}{{sfn|Ella|2009}} Gill's works are still highly regarded by Primitive Baptists and related groups.

Gill staunchly defended the Five Points of Calvinism in his work The cause of God and truth.{{Cite web |title=Archive.org - The cause of God and truth. In four parts. By John Gill, D.D. 1772 |date=1772 |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-cause-of-god-and-tru_gill-john_1772/mode/2up}} The work was a lengthy counter to contemporary Anglican Arminian Priest Daniel Whitby who had been attacking Calvinist doctrine. Gill goes to great lengths in quoting numerous Church Fathers in an attempt to show that the Five Points and other Calvinistic ideas were held in early Christianity.Gill, John. The cause of God and truth. In four parts. 1772. Pages 453-645.

References

Sources

Daniel, Curt. Hyper-Calvinism and John Gill. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 1983.
Ella, George (1995). John Gill and the Cause of God and Truth. Eggleston, England: Go-Publications.
{{cite web | first=George M. | last=Ella | title=John Gill and the Charge of Hyper-Calvinism | website=Biographia Evangelica | date=17 August 2009 | url=http://evangelica.de/articles/biographies/john-gill-and-the-charge-of-hyper-calvinism/ | access-date=27 July 2017 | archive-date=3 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203081104/http://evangelica.de/articles/biographies/john-gill-and-the-charge-of-hyper-calvinism/ | url-status=dead }} First published by Baptist Quarterly, October, 1995.
{{cite book |first=Timothy |last=George |chapter=John Gill | editor-last=George | editor-first=T. | editor-last2=Dockery | editor-first2=D.S. | title=Baptist Theologians | publisher=Broadman Press | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-8054-6588-4 | page=77ff }}
Murray, Iain H. Spurgeon v. Hyper-Calvinism: The Battle for Gospel Preaching. Banner of Truth, 2000. {{ISBN|0-85151-692-0}}
{{cite book | last=Nettles | first=Thomas J. | title=By His Grace and for His Glory: A Historical, Theological, and Practical Study of the Doctrines of Grace in Baptist Life | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Books | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-8010-6742-6 }}
Oliver, Robert W. History of the English Calvinistic Baptists: 1771–1892. Banner of Truth, 2006. {{ISBN|0-85151-920-2}}
Peter Toon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226001003/http://www.anglicanbooksrevitalized.us/Peter_Toons_Books_Online/History/hypercal1.htm The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689-1765]. London: The Olive Tree, 1967.
Rippon, John (1838). Brief Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Reverend John Gill. Reprint: Hess Publications, 1998. {{ISBN|0-87377-920-7}}

{{Schaff-Herzog |title= John Gill |url= http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc04/Page_489.html |volume= IV |pages= 489}}

External links

[http://grace-ebooks.com/library/John%20Gill/JG_Cause%20of%20God%20and%20Truth%20The.pdf The Cause of God and Truth] by John Gill (1738)
[http://quintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Hypercalvinism.pdf The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689–1765] by Peter Toon.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105421/http://newscriptorium.com/assets/docs/toon-collection/history/hypercal1.htm The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689–1765] by Peter Toon (1967)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20001010153543/http://www.freegrace.net/gill/ John Gill's Exposition of the Old and New Testaments]—his magnum opus
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050224092431/http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/gills_archive.htm The John Gill Archive]—containing most of Gill's published works, including many sermons and tracts, The Cause of God and Truth, A Body of Doctrinal Divinity, and A Body of Practical Divinity, and Solomon's Song.
[https://archive.org/details/christaloneexalt01cris Christ alone exalted, in the perfection and encouragement of the saints, notwithstanding sins and trials : being the complete works of Tobias Crisp ... containing fifty-two sermons, on several select texts of Scripture ... Volume 1 of 2]. (1832, 7th ed.) John Gill edition. Downloadable PDF which may be read online.
[https://archive.org/details/christaloneexalt02cris Christ alone exalted, in the perfection and encouragement of the saints, notwithstanding sins and trials : being the complete works of Tobias Crisp ... containing fifty-two sermons, on several select texts of Scripture ... Volume 2 of 2]. (1832, 7th ed.) John Gill edition. Downloadable PDF which may be read online.