John Kendrew

{{For|the Industrial Revolution-era designer|John Kendrew (inventor)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| image = John Kendrew Nobel.jpg

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=GBR|CBE|FRS}}

| image_size = 200px

| birth_name = John Cowdery Kendrew

| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|3|24|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Oxford, England

| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|8|23|1917|3|24|df=yes}}

| death_place = Cambridge, England

| field = Crystallography

| work_institution = MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Peterhouse, Cambridge
Royal Air Force

| education = Clifton College, University of Cambridge

| doctoral_advisor =

| thesis_title = X-ray studies of certain crystalline proteins : the crystal structure of foetal and adult sheep haemoglobins and of horse myoglobin

| thesis_year = 1949

| thesis_url = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648050

| notable_students = James D. Watson (postdoc)

| academic_advisors = Max Perutz

| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|

Hugh Huxley{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|title=Investigations of biological structures by X-ray methods : the structure of muscle|first=Hugh Esmor|last=Huxley|date=1953|url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=35871|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.604904}}|website=lib.cam.ac.uk|oclc=885437514|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519183634/https://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=35871|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=1944|website=academictree.org|title=John Kendrew academic genealogy}}
Lubert Stryer}}

| known_for = Haem-containing proteins

| prizes = {{Plainlist|

Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1962)
Royal Medal (1965)}}

| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes

|nickname=

|allegiance= {{flag|United Kingdom}}

|branch= {{air force|United Kingdom}}

|serviceyears= 1941–1945

|rank=Wing Commander (RAFVR)

|unit=

|commands=

|battles=Second World War

|awards=

|relations=

|signature = }}

}}

Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|FRS}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Holmes | first1 = K. C. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2001.0018 | title = Sir John Cowdery Kendrew. 24 March 1917 - 23 August 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1960 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 47 | pages = 311–332 | year = 2001 | pmid = 15124647| doi-access = free | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0028-EC77-7 | hdl-access = free }} (24 March 1917 – 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist, crystallographer, and science administrator. Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz, for their work at the Cavendish Laboratory to investigate the structure of haem-containing proteins.

Education and early life

Kendrew was born in Oxford, son of Wilfrid George Kendrew, reader in climatology in the University of Oxford, and Evelyn May Graham Sandburg, art historian. After preparatory school at the Dragon School in Oxford, he was educated at Clifton College"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p462: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948 in Bristol, 1930–1936. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge in 1936, as a Major Scholar, graduating in chemistry in 1939. He spent the early months of World War II doing research on reaction kinetics, and then became a member of the Air Ministry Research Establishment, working on radar. In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters; commissioned a squadron leader on 17 September 1941,{{London Gazette|issue=35301|supp=|page=5793|date=7 October 1941}} he was appointed an honorary wing commander on 8 June 1944,{{London Gazette|issue=36633|supp=y|page=3562|date=28 July 1944}} and relinquished his commission on 5 June 1945.{{London Gazette|issue=37168|supp=y|page=3552|date=6 July 1945}} He was awarded his PhD after the war in 1949.{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|title=X-ray studies of certain crystalline proteins : the crystal structure of foetal and adult sheep haemoglobins and of horse myoglobin|first=John Cowdery|last=Kendrew|date=1949|url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=39466|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.648050}}|website=lib.cam.ac.uk|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916060018/https://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=39466|url-status=dead}}

Research and career

During the war years, he became increasingly interested in biochemical problems, and decided to work on the structure of proteins.

=Crystallography=

In 1945 he approached Max Perutz in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Joseph Barcroft, a respiratory physiologist, suggested he might make a comparative protein crystallographic study of adult and foetal sheep haemoglobin, and he started that work.

In 1947 he became a Fellow of Peterhouse; and the Medical Research Council (MRC) agreed to create a research unit for the study of the molecular structure of biological systems, under the direction of Sir Lawrence Bragg.{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1962/kendrew/biographical/|title = John C. Kendrew Biographical}} In 1954 he became a Reader at the Davy-Faraday Laboratory of the Royal Institution in London.

=Crystal structure of myoglobin=

File:KendrewMyoglobin.jpg

Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Max Perutz for determining the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography. Their work was done at what is now the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells.{{cite journal |last1=Stoddart |first1=Charlotte |title=Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=1 March 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-022822-1|doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/structural-biology-how-proteins-got-their-closeup |access-date=25 March 2022}}

In 1947 the MRC agreed to make a research unit for the Study of the Molecular Structure of Biological Systems. The original studies were on the structure of sheep haemoglobin, but when this work had progressed as far as was possible using the resources then available, Kendrew embarked on the study of myoglobin, a molecule only a quarter the size of the haemoglobin molecule. His initial source of raw material was horse heart, but the crystals thus obtained were too small for X-ray analysis. Kendrew realized that the oxygen-conserving tissue of diving mammals could offer a better prospect, and a chance encounter led to his acquiring a large chunk of whale meat from Peru. Whale myoglobin did give large crystals with clean X-ray diffraction patterns. However, the problem still remained insurmountable, until in 1953 Max Perutz discovered that the phase problem in analysis of the diffraction patterns could be solved by multiple isomorphous replacement — comparison of patterns from several crystals; one from the native protein, and others that had been soaked in solutions of heavy metals and had metal ions introduced in different well-defined positions. An electron density map at 6 angstrom (0.6 nanometre) resolution was obtained by 1957, and by 1959 an atomic model could be built at 2 angstrom (0.2 nm) resolution.{{cite journal |pmid=18990802 |title=Structure of myoglobin: A three-dimensional Fourier synthesis at 2 A. resolution. | doi=10.1038/185422a0 | volume=185 |date=February 1960 |journal=Nature |pages=422–7 | last1 = Kendrew | first1 = JC | last2 = Dickerson | first2 = RE | last3 = Strandberg | first3 = BE |issue=4711 |display-authors=etal|bibcode=1960Natur.185..422K |s2cid=4167651 }}

=Later career=

In 1963, Kendrew became one of the founders of the European Molecular Biology Organization; he also founded the Journal of Molecular Biology and was for many years its editor-in-chief. He became Fellow of the American Society of Biological Chemists in 1967 and honorary member of the International Academy of Science, Munich. In 1974, he succeeded in persuading governments to establish the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg and became its first director. He was knighted in 1974. From 1974 to 1979, he was a Trustee of the British Museum, and from 1974 to 1988 he was successively Secretary General, Vice-President, and President of the International Council of Scientific Unions.

After his retirement from EMBL, Kendrew became President of St John's College at the University of Oxford, a post he held from 1981 to 1987. In his will, he designated his bequest to St John's College for studentships in science and in music, for students from developing countries. The Kendrew Quadrangle at St John's College in Oxford, officially opened on 16 October 2010, is named after him.{{cite web | url=https://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/discover/about-college/college-buildings/21st-century/ | title=The 21st Century: Kendrew Quadrangle | publisher=St John's College, Oxford | year=2020 | access-date=2 June 2020}}

Kendrew was married to the former Elizabeth Jarvie (née Gorvin) from 1948 to 1956. Their marriage ended in divorce. Kendrew was subsequently partners with the artist Ruth Harris. He had no surviving children.{{cite news | author=Wolfgang Saxon | title=John C. Kendrew Dies at 80; Biochemist Won Nobel in '62 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/30/world/john-c-kendrew-dies-at-80-biochemist-won-nobel-in-62.html | work=The New York Times | date=1997-08-30 | access-date=2020-06-02}}

A biography of Kendrew, entitled A Place in History: The Biography of John C. Kendrew, by Paul M. Wassarman was published by Oxford University Press in 2020.

=Selected publications=

{{cite journal |pmid=18144277 |date=Apr 1949 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |title=Foetal haemoglobin |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=80–5 |issn=0160-9327 |journal=Endeavour}}
{{cite journal |pmid=13214049 |doi=10.1038/174946a0 |date=Nov 1954 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |last2=Parrish |last3=Marrack |last4=Orlans |title=The species specificity of myoglobin |volume=174 |issue=4438 |pages=946–9 |issn=0028-0836 |journal=Nature |first2=RG |first3=JR |first4=ES|bibcode = 1954Natur.174..946K |s2cid=4281674 }}
{{cite journal |pmid=13235845 |doi=10.1038/175206b0 |date=Jan 1955 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |last2=Parris |title=Imidazole complexes of myoglobin and the position of the haem group |volume=175 |issue=4448 |pages=206–7 |issn=0028-0836 |journal=Nature |first2=RG|bibcode = 1955Natur.175..206K |s2cid=37160617 }}
{{cite journal |pmid=13369569 |doi=10.1038/178905a0 |date=Oct 1956 |last1=Ingram |first1=DJ |last2=Kendrew |title=Orientation of the haem group in myoglobin and its relation to the polypeptide chain direction |volume=178 |issue=4539 |pages=905–6 |issn=0028-0836 |journal=Nature |first2=JC|bibcode = 1956Natur.178..905I |s2cid=26921410 }}
{{cite journal |pmid=13517261 |doi=10.1038/181662a0 |date=Mar 1958 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |last2=Bodo |last3=Dintzis |last4=Parrish |last5=Wyckoff |last6=Phillips |title=A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis |volume=181 |issue=4610 |pages=662–6 |issn=0028-0836 |journal=Nature |first2=G |first3=HM |first4=RG |first5=H |first6=DC|bibcode = 1958Natur.181..662K |s2cid=4162786 }}
{{cite journal |pmid=13672267 |date=Jul 1959 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |title=Structure and function in myoglobin and other proteins |volume=18 |issue=2, Part 1 |pages=740–51 |issn=0014-9446 |journal=Federation Proceedings}}
{{cite journal |pmid=13752474 |doi=10.1038/190666a0 |date=May 1961 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |last2=Watson |last3=Strandberg |last4=Dickerson |last5=Phillips |last6=Shore |title=The amino-acid sequence x-ray methods, and its correlation with chemical data |volume=190 |pages=666–70 |issn=0028-0836 |journal=Nature |first2=HC |first3=BE |first4=RE |first5=DC |first6=VC|bibcode = 1961Natur.190..666K |issue=4777|s2cid=39469512 }}
{{cite journal |pmid=13783432 |doi=10.1038/190670a0 |date=May 1961 |last1=Watson |first1=HC |last2=Kendrew |title=The amino-acid sequence of sperm whale myoglobin. Comparison between the amino-acid sequences of sperm whale myoglobin and of human hæmoglobin |volume=190 |pages=670–2 |issn=0028-0836 |journal=Nature |first2=JC|bibcode = 1961Natur.190..670W |issue=4777|s2cid=4170869 }}
{{cite journal |pmid=14455128 |date=Dec 1961 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |title=The three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule |volume=205 |pages=96–110 |issn=0036-8733 | journal=Scientific American | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1261-96 | issue=6 | bibcode=1961SciAm.205f..96K }}
{{cite journal |pmid=14031911 |doi=10.1016/0010-406X(62)90009-9 |date=Oct 1962 |last1=Kendrew |first1=JC |title=The structure of globular proteins |volume=4 |pages=249–52 |issn=0010-406X |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology |issue=2–4}}
{{cite book |first=John C. |last=Kendrew |year=1966 |title=The thread of life: an introduction to molecular biology |location=London |publisher=Bell & Hyman |isbn=978-0-7135-0618-1}}