John Thomas Lewis Preston

J. T. L. Preston was born in Lexington, Virginia on April 25, 1811.{{cite book |last= Couper |first=William |date=1939 |title= One Hundred Years at V. M. I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArfbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22j+t+l+preston%22+april+1811 |location= Richmond, VA |publisher=Garrett and Massie |page=23}}{{cite book |date=1967 |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuopAQAAMAAJ&q=%22john+t+l+preston%22+born+lexington+1811 |location=New York, NY |publisher=J. T. White |page= 245}} He was raised in Lexington and Richmond, and received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in 1828.{{cite book |date=1888 |title=Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, 1749-1888 |url= https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofoffic00washrich#page/80/mode/2up |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=John Murphy & Co. |page=81}}

Preston subsequently attended graduate courses at the University of Virginia{{cite book |last=Nash |first=Joseph Van Holt |date=1878 |title= Students of the University of Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLVAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1834 |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=Charles Harvey & Co. |page= 1834}} and Yale University.{{cite book |last= Hughes |first=Nathaniel Cheairs |date=2008 |title=Yale's Confederates: A Biographical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CGsmBhZr3cC&pg=PA163 |location=Knoxville, TN |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |page=163 |isbn= 978-1-57233-635-3}} He then studied law, attained admission to the bar, and started a practice in Lexington.{{cite book |last=Frederic Morton |first=Oren |date=1920 |title=A History of Rockbridge County, Virginia |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrockbri00mortgoog |location=Staunton, VA |publisher=The McClure Co. |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrockbri00mortgoog/page/n291 270] }}

In 1881 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Washington and Lee.{{cite book |date=1888 |title=Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, 1749-1888 |url= https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofoffic00washrich#page/212/mode/2up |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=John Murphy & Co. |page=213}}

In the years after the War of 1812, the state of Virginia built and maintained several arsenals to store weapons intended for use by the state militia in the event of invasion or insurrection.{{cite book |last= Strum |first=Philippa |date=2002 |title=Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=606QAAAAMAAJ&q=%22John+thomas+lewis+preston%22+lexington+attorney |location=Lawrence, KS |publisher=University Press of Kansas |page=9|isbn=978-0-7006-1164-5 }} In the 1830s Preston belonged to a Lexington debate club known as the Franklin Society. In 1836 Preston made the case to the society that the arsenal in Lexington could be put to better use as a normal school for providing education on practical subjects, as well as military training to individuals who could be expected to serve as officers in the militia if needed.{{cite book |date=1995 |title=Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies, Volume 5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22franklin+society%22 |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of Southern California |pages=232, 235}}

After debate and revision of the original proposal, the Franklin Society voted in favor of Preston's concept. After a public relations campaign that included Preston meeting in person with influential business, military and political figures, letters to the editor from Preston writing under a pen name, and letters to the editor and open letters from supporters including Norwich University founder Alden Partridge, in 1836 the Virginia legislature passed a bill authorizing creation of a normal school at the Lexington arsenal, and the Governor signed the measure into law.{{cite book |last= Couper |first=William |date=1936 |title=Claudius Crozet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQESAAAAYAAJ&q=cives |location= Palisades, NY |publisher=Historical Publishing Company, Inc. |pages=93, 100}}{{cite book |last=Andrew |first= Rod Jr. |date=2001 |title=Long Gray Lines: The Southern Military School Tradition, 1839-1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVnhbt32r7AC&pg=PA12 |location=Chapel Hill, NC |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |page=12 |isbn=0-8078-2610-3}}{{cite book |last= Farwell |first=Byron |date=1992 |title=Stonewall: A Biography of General Thomas J. Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uxvr9DXrBkC&pg=PA87 |location=New York, NY |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=87 |isbn= 0-393-31086-8}}

The organizers of the planned school formed a board of visitors, which included Preston, and the board selected Claudius Crozet to serve as their president.{{cite book |date=1839 |title=Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qf9PAAAAYAAJ |location=Richmond, VA |publisher=Samuel Shepherd |page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qf9PAAAAYAAJ/page/n26 23]}} The board delegated to Preston the task of deciding what to call the new school, and he created the name Virginia Military Institute.{{cite book |date=1967 |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuopAQAAMAAJ&q=%22john+t+l+preston%22+born+lexington+1811 |location=New York, NY |publisher=J. T. White |page= 245}}

Preston was also tasked with hiring VMI's first superintendent. He was persuaded that West Point graduate and army officer Francis Henney Smith, then on the faculty at Hampden-Sydney College, was the most suitable candidate. Preston successfully recruited Smith, convincing him to become the first superintendent of VMI and professor of tactics.

After Smith agreed to accept the superintendent's position, Preston applied to join the faculty, and was hired as Professor of Languages.{{cite book |date=1855 |title=Governor's Message and Reports of the Public Officers of the State, of the Board of Directors, and of the Visitors, Superintendents, and Other Agents of Public Institutions or Interests of Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjoUAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA27 |location=Richmond, VA |publisher=William F. Ritchie |page= 27}} Classes began in 1839, and Preston specialized in Latin, and also taught English and other modern languages.{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Francis Henney |date=1912 |title= The Virginia Military Institute: Its Building and Re-building |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJwaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA274 |location=Lynchburg, VA |publisher=J. P. Bell |page= 274}}

Smith held the militia rank of colonel as commander of VMIs Corps of Cadets. Preston was appointed a captain, and soon advanced to major. In addition to serving as the Corps' quartermaster, he often acted as superintendent in Smith's absence.{{cite book |last= McGinty |first=Brian |date=2009 |title=John Brown's Trial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efgsafXkZSkC&pg=PA253 |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=253 |isbn=978-0-674-03517-1}}

After John Brown's 1859 trial and sentence, Smith was appointed to oversee the execution, and along with almost all of the Virginia Militia, the Corps of Cadets was assigned to provide security in Charles Town, where Brown was to be hanged.{{cite book |last= Gibson |first=Keith E. |date=2010 |title=Virginia Military Institute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmPWy-Nz1Z8C&pg=PA16 |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=16 |isbn= 978-0-7385-8646-5}} Preston participated in his role as quartermaster, and observed the execution. He wrote a letter to his wife in which he described in detail the events surrounding the execution. This letter was published in several newspapers, and provided an important firsthand account of the event.{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Marcus J. |date=1890 |title=The Trial and Execution of John Brown: Papers of the American Historical Association, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA449 |location=New York, NY |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |page= 449}} According to contemporary accounts, it was Preston who broke the silence that followed Brown's death, declaring to the crowd "So perish all such enemies of Virginia! All such enemies of the Union! All such enemies of the human race!"{{cite news |title=War Yet to Come: John Brown's Death Only the Beginning |work=Corpus Christi Times |page=31 |date= October 13, 1959 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/24119799/}}{{cite book |date=1984 |title=Adirondack Life, Volumes 15-16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgIqAQAAMAAJ&q=%22J+t+l+preston%22 |location=Jay, NY |publisher=Adirondack Life Magazine |page=18}}

During the American Civil War Preston sided with the Confederacy and was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the 9th Virginia Infantry, of which Smith was colonel and commander. Preston served with the 9th Virginia during various actions in the Shenandoah Valley, including time on the staff of and as aide-de-camp for Stonewall Jackson.{{cite book |last=Trask |first=Benjamin H. |date=1984 |title=9th Virginia Infantry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlpLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22preston+John+thomas+lewis%22 |location= Lynchburg, VA |publisher=H. E. Howard |page=86|isbn=978-0-930919-10-8 }}

After the war Preston continued as a member of the VMI faculty until retiring in 1882.{{cite book |last=Wise |first=Henry A. |date=1978 |title= Drawing Out the Man: The VMI Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8ErAAAAYAAJ&q=%22retired+permanently+in+1882%22 |location=Lexington, VA |publisher=VMI Alumni Association |page=64|isbn=978-0-8139-0740-6 }} He was promoted to colonel in the militia, but declined a promotion to brigadier general.

Preston was active in the Presbyterian Church. He was the ruling elder of Lexington's church for nearly 50 years, and was a delegate to numerous state and national church leadership meetings.{{cite book |date=1866 |title= Southern Presbyterian Review, Volume 16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXLUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA89 |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Southern Presbyterian Review |page=89}}{{cite book |date=1860 |title=Minutes - United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., Volume 16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo9JAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15 |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |page=15}}

For over 20 years before and after the Civil War Preston, Stonewall Jackson and others led a Sunday school for Lexington's African-Americans, both slaves and those who were free.{{cite book |date=1936 |title=Reports, Documents, and Journals of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi5UAAAAIAAJ&q=%22sunday+school%22 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=124}}

In retirement Preston continued to reside at his home in Lexington. He died there on July 15, 1890, and was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Lexington.{{cite web |url=http://library2.wlu.edu/SJCemetery/ |title=Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery |website=Washington and Lee University Library |publisher=Washington and Lee University |access-date=February 1, 2015 |archive-date=March 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309221651/http://library2.wlu.edu/SJCemetery/ |url-status=dead }}

Preston married twice. In 1832 he married Sarah Lyle Caruthers.{{cite book |date=1943 |title=DSGR Magazine, Volumes 7-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABEUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22J+T+L+Preston%22 |location=Detroit, MI |publisher=Detroit Society for Genealogical Research |page= 61}} After her death, he married Margaret Junkin in 1857.{{cite book |last= Trent |first=William Peterfield |date=1905 |title=Southern Writers: Selections in Prose and Verse |url=https://archive.org/details/southernwriters00trengoog |location=New York, NY |publisher=The MacMillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/southernwriters00trengoog/page/n361 337]}} He had seven children with his first wife and two with his second.

Margaret Junkin Preston was the daughter of a former president of Washington College, and became a major nineteenth century literary figure, known nationally as the "Poetess of the South" and "The Poetess of the Confederacy". Margaret Junkin's sister Elinor was the first wife of Stonewall Jackson.{{cite book |editor=Muriel Phillips Joslyn|last=Baria |first=William H. |date=2004 |title=Margaret Junkin Preston in Confederate Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfhYJymf5XQC&pg=PA133 |location=Gretna, Louisiana |publisher=Pelican Publishing Company |page= 133|isbn=978-1-4556-0284-1 }}

The Preston Library at Virginia Military Institute is named for him.{{cite web |url=http://www.vmi.edu/content.aspx?id=968 |title=About Preston Library |website=About VMI |publisher=Virginia Military Institute |access-date=February 1, 2015}} His former home, Blandome has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2002.{{Cite web |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Lexington/117-0027-0127_Blandome_2002_Final_Nomination.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form |access-date=May 6, 2017 |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207032227/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Lexington/117-0027-0127_Blandome_2002_Final_Nomination.pdf }}

Preston is the subject of a biography, 2014's The Father of Virginia Military Institute: A Biography of Colonel J.T.L. Preston, CSA, by Randolph P. Shaffner.{{cite web |url=http://www.vmi.edu/Content.aspx?id=10737431226 |title=To Become a Citizen-Soldier: Biographer Discusses Col. J.T.L. Preston on Founders Day |last1=Price |first1=Mary |date=November 12, 2014 |website=Virginia Military Institute: News and Features |publisher=Virginia Military Institute |access-date= February 1, 2015}}

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Category:1811 births

Category:1890 deaths

Category:People from Lexington, Virginia

Category:Washington and Lee University alumni

Category:University of Virginia alumni

Category:Yale University alumni

Category:Virginia lawyers

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Category:Confederate States Army officers

Category:Virginia Military Institute faculty

Category:American Presbyterians

Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law