John Tower

Tower was born in Houston, the son of Joe Z. Tower (1898–1970) and Beryl Goodwin Tower (1898–1990). The family often moved throughout East Texas due to Joe's career as a Methodist minister.{{cite web|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/tower-john-goodwin|title=Tower, John Goodwin|last=Eason|first=Susan|work=Handbook of Texas|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=April 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901225229/http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/TT/ftoss.html|archivedate=September 1, 2000|url-status=live}}

Having attended public schools in Houston and Beaumont, Texas, Tower graduated from Beaumont High School in 1942. After high school, he enrolled at Southwestern University in fall 1942. In June 1943, Tower paused his college studies to serve in the United States Navy during the Pacific Theater of World War II on an LCS(L) amphibious gunboat.

In March 1946, Tower was discharged from the Navy ranked seaman first class and resumed his studies at Southwestern. He graduated in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. While at Southwestern, Tower was a member of the Iota chapter of Kappa Sigma fraternity, and would later serve the organization in significant alumnus volunteer roles.[http://www.kappasigma.org/pdf/Caduceus_Spring_2013.pdf John G. Tower Award Winners, p14] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628023605/http://www3.kappasigma.org/pdf/Caduceus_Spring_2013.pdf |date=2014-06-28 }}

Tower worked as a radio announcer for country music station KTAE in Taylor, northeast of Austin, during college and for some time afterward. Tower continued his military service in the United States Naval Reserve until retiring in 1989 with the rank of master chief's boatswain mate.

In 1949, he began graduate studies in political science at Southern Methodist University and worked part time as an insurance agent. Then in 1951, Tower became an assistant professor of political science at Midwestern University (now Midwestern State University), a job he held until 1960. In 1952 and 1953, he pursued graduate coursework at the London School of Economics and conducted field research on the organization of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. His research was presented in his thesis, The Conservative Worker in Britain. He received his Master of Arts degree from SMU in 1953.

Although raised as a Southern Democrat, Tower became a Republican in college about 1951. He rose quickly through the ranks of the Texas Republican Party; he was an unsuccessful candidate for representative to the Texas House of Representatives for the 18th district in 1954. He was a delegate to the 1956 Republican National Convention. In the 1956 presidential election, he was the campaign manager for Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 23rd Senatorial District.

In 1960, he was chosen by the state convention held in McAllen in Hidalgo County in south Texas, as the Republican candidate for the United States Senate against Lyndon Johnson. Two other Republicans mentioned for the senatorial nomination, Thad Hutcheson, who had sought Texas's other Senate seat in a special election in 1957, and Bruce Alger, the only Republican congressman from Texas at the time, were both uninterested.Rupert Norval Richardson, Ernest Wallace, and Adrian N. Anderson, Texas: The Lone Star State (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1970) p. 369.

Johnson, the incumbent senator and famous nationwide as the Senate Majority Leader, won the election against Tower. As John F. Kennedy's running mate, Johnson was also seeking the vice presidency in the same election. Tower's campaign slogan was "double your pleasure, double your fun — vote against Johnson two times, not one."{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Knaggs |title=Two-Party Texas: The John Tower Era, 1961–1984 |publisher=Eakin Press |year=1986|isbn=0890155291}}{{page needed|date=June 2013}}

After Johnson became Vice President, Tower ran in the special election held to determine who would fill Johnson's seat in the Senate. Tower came first in the initial round of voting with 30.93% of the vote, and subsequently won the run-off election against Democrat William A. Blakley, who had been appointed as interim Senator, with 50.6% of the vote to Blakley's 49.4%.{{cite web |title=TX US Senate - Special Primary |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=265509 |website=OurCampaigns.com}}{{cite web |title=TX US Senate - Special |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30399 |website=Ourcampaigns.com |access-date=11 September 2023}} Tower became the first Republican elected to the Senate from Texas since the end of Reconstruction.

File:Open_Door_Hour_,_Oval_Office,_White_House_-_NARA_-_194718.tif Richard Nixon on May 5, 1971.]]

In the Senate, Tower was assigned to two major committees: the Labor and Public Welfare Committee and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Tower left the Labor and Public Welfare Committee in 1964, although in 1965 he was named to the Senate Armed Services Committee, in which he served until his retirement. He was chairman of the Armed Services Committee from 1981 to 1984. Tower also served on the Joint Committee on Defense Production from 1963 until 1977 and on the Senate Republican Policy Committee in 1962 and from 1969 until 1984. Tower served as chairman of the latter from 1973 until his retirement from the Senate. As a member and later chairman of the Armed Services Committee, Tower was a strong proponent of modernizing the armed forces. In the Banking and Currency Committee, he was a champion of small businesses and worked to improve the national infrastructure and financial institutions. Tower supported Texas economic interests, working to improve the business environment of the energy, agricultural, and fishing and maritime sectors. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

Tower was a leading opponent of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and voted against both bills,{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. Passage.}}{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78|title=To Pass S. 1564, The Voting Rights Act Of 1965.}}{{cite book |page=234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGLIOvYDIssC&pg=PA234 |title=Race and Class in Texas Politics |first=Chandler |last=Davidson |year=1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691025391}} as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/s226|title=S.J. Res. 29. Approval Of Resolution Banning The Poll Tax As Prerequisite For Voting In Federal Elections.|work=GovTrack.us}} but he did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1968{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/s346|title=To Pass H.R. 2516, A Bill To Prohibit Discrimination In Sale Or Rental Of Housing, And Prohibit Racially Motivated Interference With A Person Exercising His Civil Rights, And For Other Purposes.}} and voted in favor of the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court.{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/s176|title=Confirmation Of Nomination Of Thurgood Marshall, The First Negro Appointed To The Supreme Court.|work=GovTrack.us}}

Although opposing the final passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Tower also voted against an amendment by Albert Gore Sr. that sought to weaken the legislation.[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s408 HR. 7152. Gore Motion To Recommit To The Judiciary Comm. W/Instructions That It Report It Back "Forthwith" W/The Amend. Stating That Federal Funds Should Not Be W/Drawn From Any School District Unless That District Had Disobeyed A Court Order That Is Desegregate.]. GovTrack.us. Retrieved August 30, 2021. He stated:[https://www.congress.gov/88/crecb/1964/06/19/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf]. Congressional Record. Retrieved August 30, 2021.

{{cquote|Mr. President, the motion is merely another assault on title VI, which I believe is a good provision of the bill. I think that if we had enacted a separate measure containing the provisions in title VI some time ago, we would not be asked to enact some of the other measures which we are asked to enact today. I believe that if people in the States and localities are going to accept Federal money and Federal support, they must not engage in any kind of discrimination which is contrary to Federal policy. Therefore I intend to vote against the motion of the Senator from Tennessee.}}

File:Photograph of President Reagan receiving the Tower Commission Report in the Cabinet Room - NARA - 198581.jpg Reagan in the White House Cabinet Room, Edmund Muskie at right, 1987.]]

According to The Assassination of Robert Maxwell: Israel's Superspy{{Cite book|title=The Assassination of Robert Maxwell: Israel's superspy |first1=Gordon |last1=Thomas |first2=Martin |last2=Dillon |date=2002|publisher=Robson Books|isbn=1-86105-558-7|location=London|oclc=50404100}} by Gordon Thomas and Martin Dillon, Tower became the liaison for Robert Maxwell, a British publishing mogul and super-agent{{clarify|date=December 2020}} for Mossad, to the White House and to US government operations. The relationship began in 1984, and the soon-to-be retired Tower "told Maxwell that his fee as Maxwell's personal consultant would be $200,000."{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Tower received his fee in four separate payments of $50,000 into a Swiss bank account. Tower arranged for Maxwell to meet with leadership of Sandia National Laboratories, a US nuclear lab. Maxwell sold to Sandia a copy of PROMIS software that had a backdoor which was accessible by Israeli intelligence, giving nuclear details to Israel. Shortly after retirement from the Senate, in 1985, Tower took Maxwell's request for American help in arming Iran, and relayed it to President Reagan as a means to trade for American hostages held in Lebanon. "Two days later the former Senator reported to Maxwell that his meeting with President Reagan had produced a positive response."{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Tower retired from the Senate after nearly twenty-four years in office. He continued to be involved in national politics, advising the campaigns of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Two weeks after his leaving office, Tower was named chief United States negotiator at the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks in Geneva, Switzerland. Tower resigned from this office in 1987, and for a time was a professor at Southern Methodist University. He became a consultant with Tower, Eggers, and Greene Consulting from 1987 until his death in 1991.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In November 1986, President Reagan asked Tower to chair the President's Special Review Board to study the action of the National Security Council and its staff during the Iran–Contra affair. The board, which became known as the Tower Commission, issued its report on February 26, 1987. The report was highly critical of the Reagan administration and of the National Security Council's dealings with both Iran and the Nicaraguan Contras.

In 1989, Tower was President George H. W. Bush's choice to become Secretary of Defense. In a stunning move, particularly since Tower was himself a former Senate colleague, the Senate rejected his nomination. The largest factors were concern about possible conflicts of interest and Tower's personal life, in particular allegations of alcohol abuse and womanizing.{{cite news|last1=Oreskes|first1=Michael|title=Senate Rejects Tower, 53-47; First Cabinet Veto Since '59; Bush Confers on New Choice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/10/us/senate-rejects-tower-53-47-first-cabinet-veto-since-59-bush-confers-new-choice.html |access-date=5 October 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 March 1989}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/obituaries/john-g-tower-65-longtime-senator-from-texas.html | work=The New York Times |first=Martin |last=Tolchin |title=John G. Tower, 65, Longtime Senator from Texas |date=April 6, 1991}} The Senate vote was 47–53,{{cite web|title=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 101st Congress – 1st Session |publisher=United States Senate |date=1989-03-09 |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=101&session=1&vote=00020 |access-date=2012-11-15}} and it marked the first time that the Senate had rejected a Cabinet nominee of a newly elected president.{{cite web|title=US Senate Nominations |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Nominations.htm#10 |publisher=United States Senate|access-date=19 January 2017}}
Though not stated specifically, we can check by process of elimination that this is correct.

As The New York Times reported in his obituary, "Mr. Tower's repudiation by his former colleagues, who rejected him as Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense after public allegations of womanizing and heavy drinking, left a bitterness that could not be assuaged. In the normally clubby Senate, Mr. Tower was regarded by some colleagues as a gut fighter who did not suffer fools gladly, and some lawmakers indicated that they were only too pleased to rebuke him."

In response to the alcohol allegations, Tower told The New York Times in 1990: "Have I ever drunk to excess? Yes. Am I alcohol-dependent? No. Have I always been a good boy? Of course not. But I've never done anything disqualifying. That's the point." The FBI background check indicated that Tower was not an alcoholic but had abused alcohol, albeit with much diminished, sporadic consumption beginning in 1983.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/17/us/fbi-document-on-tower-cited-pattern-of-alcohol-abuse.html |title=F.B.I. Document on Tower Cited 'Pattern of Alcohol Abuse' |first=Andrew |last=Rosenthal |date=March 17, 1989 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 4, 2023}}

After Tower's defeat, he was named chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.{{cite news |last=Wines |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/17/world/bush-scraps-intelligence-board-appointing-a-new-panel-of-6.html |title=Bush Scraps Intelligence Board, Appointing a New Panel of 6 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 17, 1990 |access-date=November 23, 2024}} Future Vice President Dick Cheney, then a Representative from Wyoming and the House Minority Whip, was later confirmed as Secretary of Defense.

While a professor at Midwestern State University, Tower met Joza Lou Bullington, whom he married in 1952. A native of San Diego, California, Lou was reared in Wichita Falls and was the organist at the Towers' church.

John and Lou Tower had three children during their years in Wichita Falls born in three consecutive years: Penny (1954), Marian (1955–1991), and Jeanne (1956). The couple divorced in 1976. Following his divorce from Lou, Tower married Lilla Burt Cummings in 1977. The couple separated in 1985 and divorced on July 2, 1986.

{{Main|Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311}}

File:John Tower Centograph, Austin, TX IMG 2150.JPG at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas]]

On April 5, 1991, Tower was aboard Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 when it crashed while on approach for landing at Brunswick, Georgia. The crash instantly killed everyone on board, including Tower and his middle daughter, Marian, astronaut Sonny Carter, and twenty others.{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE1DF163FF934A35757C0A967958260|title=Inquiry Begins Into Georgia Plane Crash|date= April 7, 1991|access-date=2007-12-18 |newspaper=The New York Times | first=Keith | last=Schneider}} An investigation determined that the crash resulted from failure of the plane's propeller control unit.{{cite report|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR9203.pdf |title=Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Flight 2311, Uncontrolled Collision With Terrain, an Embraer EMB-120, N270AS, Brunswick, Georgia, April 5, 1991 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=April 28, 1992 |access-date=February 5, 2016}}

Tower and his daughter are buried together at the family plot of the Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery in Dallas. A cenotaph in Tower's honor was erected at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Tower's life is chronicled in his autobiography, Consequences: A Personal and Political Memoir, published a few months before his death. He donated his papers to his alma mater, Southwestern University.{{cite web|title=John G. Tower Papers|publisher=Southwestern University|url=http://southwestern.edu/infoservices/departments/specialcollections/tower/index.php|access-date=2012-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817125201/https://www.southwestern.edu/library-and-it/special-collections/john-g-tower/|archive-date=17 August 2021}}

• Tower Amendment
• Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States
• List of members of the American Legion

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sean P. |title=Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right |year=2010}}
• {{cite book |last=Finley |first=Keith |title=Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators Fight against Civil Rights, 1938–1965 |location=Baton Rouge |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=2008}}
• Bennetts, Leslie (September 1991). "Remember the Alamo." Vanity Fair. p. 114-

{{CongBio|T000322}} Retrieved on 2008-02-08

• [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ftoss Handbook of Texas article on John Tower]
• {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011116140659/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/tower/tower.asp |title=Oral History Interviews with John Tower, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library |date=2001-11-16}}
• {{C-SPAN|4884}}
• Southwestern University and SMU's [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/tow John G. Tower Digital Media Collection] contains [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/tow videos and audios] by John Tower throughout his career.
• [https://www.c-span.org/video/?18639-1/consequences-personal-political-memoir Booknotes interview with Roger Gittines on Consequences: John G. Tower, A Personal and Political Memoir, June 30, 1991.]
• [http://southwestern.edu/infoservices/departments/specialcollections/tower/index.php John G. Tower Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817125201/https://www.southwestern.edu/library-and-it/special-collections/john-g-tower/ |date=August 17, 2021 }} – Official repository for John Tower's Senate and personal papers, Special Collections, Southwestern University.
• [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82845 Speech by John Tower given on November 11, 1970.] Audio recording from [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388 The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084010/http://gendisasters.com/georgia/18928/brunswick-ga-commuter-plane-crash-kills-john-tower-sonny-carter-21-others-apr-1991 Brunswick, GA Commuter Plane Crash Kills John Tower, Sonny Carter, and 21 others, Apr 1991] article at GenDisasters.com

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