John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey

File:The Barbican, Lewes Castle.png, Warenne's ancestral home, built in 1069]]

Warenne was the son and heir of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, and Maud Marshal. His mother was the daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and widow of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, making Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk his elder half-brother.

A boy when his father died, Warenne became a royal ward. Peter of Savoy was appointed guardian of his holdings and Warenne was raised at the royal court. In 1247, he married Henry III's half-sister Alice le Brun de Lusignan, a marriage that created resentment amongst the English nobility, who did not like seeing a wealthy English nobleman marrying a penniless foreigner.

During the following years, Warenne was closely associated with the court faction centering on his in-laws. In 1254, he accompanied the king's son Edward (the future Edward I) on Edward's journey to Spain to marry Eleanor of Castile.

During the conflicts between Henry III and his barons, Warenne started as a strong supporter of the king, switched to support for Simon de Montfort, and then returned to the royalist party. He opposed the initial baronial reform plan of May 1258, but along with other opponents capitulated and took the oath of the Provisions of Oxford.

{{further|Second Barons' War}}

File:Rochester Castle engraved by H.Adlard after G.F.Sargent. c1836 edited.jpg (1836), where Warenne was besieged by de Montfort in 1264]]

By 1260, Warenne had joined the party of Simon de Montfort, but switched back to the king's side in 1263. In April 1264, he and Roger de Leybourne were besieged by de Montfort at Rochester Castle. In May of the same year Warenne was present for the Battle of Lewes (fought near his ancestral home, Lewes Castle). After the capture of the king and Prince Edward he fled to the Continent, where he remained for about a year. His estates were confiscated but were subsequently restored. He returned to fight in the campaign which culminated in the Battle of Evesham, the Battle of Chesterfield and the siege of Kenilworth Castle.

Warenne served in King Edward I's Welsh campaigns in 1277, 1282 and 1283. In 1282, Edward awarded him the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale in Wales, which was taken from Prince Gruffudd Fychan I and his son Madog Crypl.[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A36794.0001.001/1:6.16?rgn=div2;view=fulltext The baronage of England, or, An historical account of the lives and most memorable actions of our English nobility in the Saxons time to the Norman conquest], University of Michigan, Dugdale, William, Sir, 1605–1686.[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/0ea15251-bbca-4864-b07f-060af7b43836 John de Warenne, earl of Surrey, lord of Bromfield and Yale, and his niece Eleanor, The National Archives] He also started the construction of his castle there named Holt Castle, which was continued by his son William.[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A33602.0001.001/1:5.23?rgn=div2;view=fulltext The History of Wales], Powell, David, 1552–1598, Wynne, W. (William), 1649 or 50–1711, University of Michigan, p. 181 A good part of the following years were spent in Scotland. He was one of the negotiators for the 1289 treaty of Salisbury and for the 1290 treaty of Birgham, and accompanied the king on Edward's 1296 invasion of Scotland where he commanded the only major field action of that year in the Battle of Dunbar.

On 22 August 1296, the king appointed him "warden of the kingdom and land of Scotland". However, Warenne returned to England a few months later claiming that the Scottish climate was bad for his health. The following spring saw the rebellion of William Wallace, Warenne was ordered to lead his army North by the king after initially refusing to return to Scotland. He was defeated by Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and fled to York.

Nevertheless, the king appointed Warenne captain of the next campaign against the Scots in early 1298. He raised the siege of Roxburgh and re-took the town of Berwick. The king himself took the field later that year, and Warenne was one of the commanders during the decisive English victory at the Battle of Falkirk.

In the 1300 campaign, Warrene commanded one of four cavalry units in Edward I's army.{{cite book |last=Prestwich |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Prestwich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2r3xyaDaEC&pg=PA485 |title=Edward I |date=1988 |publisher=Methuen London Ltd |location=London |page=485}} On 8 August, near the estuary of the Cree, Edward ordered his men and Warenne's to charge at a Scottish force—causing the Scots to flee.{{cite book |last=Prestwich |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2r3xyaDaEC&pg=PA489 |title=Edward I |date=1988 |publisher=Methuen London Ltd |location=London |page=489}}

In 1278, Edward I called a parliament at Gloucester with the intention of determining which lords had usurped royal rights—specifically, rights of adjudication—and reclaiming those rights. Walter of Guisborough tells the story that the earl was served a writ of quo warranto ("by what warrant?") as a result of these proceedings. Warenne supposedly responded by drawing a rusty sword and exclaiming that this was his warrant, saying, "My ancestors came with William the Bastard, and conquered their lands with the sword, and I will defend them with the sword against anyone wishing to seize them."{{cite book |last=Prestwich |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2r3xyaDaEC&pg=PA259 |title=Edward I |publisher=University of California Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-06266-5 |page=259}}

Warenne died on 27 September 1304 in Kennington, Surrey."Warenne, John de (1231? – 1304)". Tout, Thomas Frederick (1899). Lee, Sidney (ed.) Dictionary of National Biography. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 368. Accessed via Internet Archive. Retrieved 17 June 2021. He was interred in Lewes Priory at a service conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was succeeded by his grandson, also called John.

Warenne and Alice de Lusignan had three children:

• Eleanor, who married Henry Percy and was the mother of Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Alnwick (see Percy family)
• Isabella, who married John Balliol (briefly the King of Scots), and was the mother of Edward Balliol;
• William, who married Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford, and was accidentally killed at a tournament on 15 December 1286. Their son John succeeded his grandfather as earl of Surrey; their daughter Alice de Warenne married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel.

• Lapsley, G. (1927). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020694 John De Warenne and the Quo Waranto Proceedings in 1279]". The Cambridge Historical Journal. 2 (2): 110–132. ISSN 1474-6913.

{{Reflist}}

• Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 83–28, 153A-20, 153A-29, 161–27.
• {{cite web |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |title=Warenne, John de, sixth earl of Surrey (earl of Surrey and Sussex, Earl Warenne) (1231–1304), magnate |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28734?docPos=1 |last=Waugh |first=Scott L. |author-link=Scott L. Waugh}}
• {{Citation |publisher=De Walden Library |location=[London] |first=Thomas Evelyn |title=Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ |last=Scott-Ellis, Baron Howard de Walden |edition=Some feudal lords and their seals, MCCCJ. |year=1904 |ol=7163336M |author-link=Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden}}
• Pegge, Samuel (1769). "A succinct and authentic narrative of the Battle of Chesterfield, A.D 1266 in the reign of King Henry III". Archaeologica. XXXVI: 276–285.
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Warenne, Earls|volume=28|page=324}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-reg|en}}

{{succession box

| before = William de Warenne

| title = Earl of Surrey

| creation = 1st creation

| years = 1240–1304

| after = John de Warenne

}}

{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surrey, John De Warenne, 6th Earl Of}}

Category:1231 births

Category:1304 deaths

107

Category:English generals

Category:English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence

Category:Earls of Sussex (Peerage of England)

Category:13th-century English nobility

Category:14th-century English nobility

Category:Burials at Lewes Priory

John

Category:The Lordship of Bromfield and Yale