Johnny Got His Gun (film)

{{Infobox film

| name = Johnny Got His Gun

| image = Johnny Got His Gun poster.jpg

| caption = Original theatrical poster

| director = Dalton Trumbo

| producer = Bruce Campbell

| screenplay = Dalton Trumbo
Luis Buñuel (uncredited)

| based_on = {{Based on|Johnny Got His Gun|Dalton Trumbo}}

| starring = {{Plainlist|

}}

| music = Jerry Fielding

| cinematography = Jules Brenner

| editing = Millie Moore

| studio = World Entertainment

| distributor = Cinemation Industries

| released = {{Film date|1971|05|14|Cannes|1971|08|04|New York City|ref2={{AFI film|54296}}}}

| runtime = 111 minutes

| country = United States

| language = English

| budget = $1 million+{{cite magazine|magazine=Variety|date=August 4, 1971|page=5|title=Pacifist 'Johnny Got His Gun' Course To B.O. A Trip-&-Recover Steeplechase}}

| gross = $767,794 {{small|(US/Canada theatrical rentals)}}{{cite magazine|magazine=Variety|date=December 6, 1972|page=4|title=Cinemation's 275,000 Share Offer; Wants To Fend Off 'Raiding Parties'}} or $1 million{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americanfilmdist0000dona/page/298/mode/1up|title= American film distribution : the changing marketplace|last=Donahue|first= Suzanne Mary|year=1987 |publisher=UMI Research Press |page=298|isbn= 9780835717762}} Please note figures are for rentals in US and Canada

}}

Johnny Got His Gun is a 1971 American independent anti-war film written and directed by Dalton Trumbo. Based on his own novel of the same name, it was Trumbo's first and only directorial effort. The film stars Timothy Bottoms, Kathy Fields, Marsha Hunt, Jason Robards, Donald Sutherland, and Diane Varsi.

Although it was a minor success upon its initial release, the film was largely forgotten by the mass audience soon after. It received renewed attention in the late 1980s after clips from it were incorporated into the popular music video for Metallica's single "One", and the film has subsequently become a cult film. Eventually, Metallica bought the rights to the film in order to be able to show the music video without having to keep paying royalties.{{cite web | url=http://www.rebeatmag.com/fantasia-obscura-how-the-real-life-trumbo-influenced-metallica | title=Fantasia Obscura: How the Real-Life 'Trumbo' Influenced... Metallica? | first=James | last=Ryan | publisher=RebeatMag.com | date=February 3, 2016 | access-date=September 26, 2016}}

Plot

Joe Bonham, a young American soldier during World War I, awakens in a hospital bed after being hit by an artillery shell. He has lost his eyes, ears, mouth, nose, and limbs, but remains conscious and able to reason, rendering him a prisoner in his own body. As he drifts between reality and fantasy, he remembers his old life with his Christian Science family and his girlfriend Kareen. He also forms a bond of sorts with a young nurse who senses his plight, although the doctors think he is in a vegetative state.

Eventually, Joe communicates with his doctors by banging his head against his pillow in Morse code, spelling out "help" to show he is conscious. He is asked what he wants, and requests for the United States Army to put him in a glass coffin in a freak show as a demonstration of the horrors of war. When told that this is against regulations, he responds by repeatedly begging to be euthanized.

Joe ultimately realizes that the U.S. Army will not grant either wish, and will likely leave him in a state of living death. His sympathetic nurse attempts to euthanize him by clamping his breathing tube, but her supervisor stops her before Joe can succumb. In the end, Joe is left alone in his bed in a utility room at the hospital, weakly repeating to himself, "S.O.S. Help me."

Cast

{{Castlist|

Timothy Bottoms as Joe Bonham
Kerry MacLane as Joe at age 10
Kathy Fields as Kareen, Joe's girlfriend
Marsha Hunt as Marcia Bonham, Joe's mother
Jason Robards as Bill Bonham, Joe's father
Donald Sutherland as Christ
Diane Varsi as Fourth Nurse, who is the first to communicate with Joe
Donald Barry as Jody Simmons, the owner of the bakery
Eric Christmas as Corporal Timlon, a British soldier
Eduard Franz as Colonel (later General) Tillery, Joe's primary doctor initially
Charles McGraw as Mike Burkeman, Kareen's father
Byron Morrow as Brigadier General, an American officer
Sandy Brown Wyeth as Lucky, a prostitute from San Francisco
Maurice Dallimore as British Colonel
Anthony Geary as Redhead (a World War I Soldier)
Edmund Gilbert as Priest
Alice Nunn as Third Nurse
Marge Redmond as First Nurse
Jodean Russo as Second Nurse
David Soul as Swede (a World War I Soldier)
Bruce Watson as Technician, who communicates with Joe using Morse code

}}

In one of Joe's fantasies, Dalton Trumbo (credited as "Robert Cole") plays the Orator who extols the medical techniques learned by keeping Joe alive, which he says will save money in the next war.

Production

Trumbo wrote the first version of the script in 1964, in collaboration with Luis Buñuel, who was to direct. However, financing for this project failed to materialize, and it was abandoned.{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Niemi|authorlink=Robert Niemi|title=100 Great War Movies: The Real History Behind the Films|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2018|ISBN=978-1-44083-385-4}}

In 1966, producer Bruce Campbell (Hey, Hey, Hey, It's Fat Albert, The Picasso Summer) teamed up with Trumbo, who wrote a film script and was attached to direct. This project was initially set up at Warner Bros., but those plans fell through, so Campbell and Trumbo invested $80,000 and attracted 25 investors to invest $600,000. The total cash outlay for the film was $750,000, but deferred technical fees put the budget over $1 million.

The film distinguishes between Joe's reality and fantasy by presenting the scenes in the hospital in black-and-white, and his dreams and memories in color. His dreams, such as when he talks to his dead father and Jesus Christ, are drug-induced, and the color is more saturated than it is during his memories, such as the fishing trip and his last night with Kareen. Joe's injuries are never seen in film, as his face is always covered by a mask and his body is always covered by the hospital sheets.

Release

The film was entered into the 1971 Cannes Film Festival, where it shared the Grand Prix (ex aequo) (second prize){{cite web |title=TAKING OFF |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/taking-off/ |website=Festival de Cannes |access-date=22 October 2023}} with Miloš Forman's Taking Off{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2401/year/1971.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Taking Off |access-date=2009-04-13|work=festival-cannes.com}} and won the FIPRESCI Prize.{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2402/year/1971.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Johnny Got His Gun |access-date=April 12, 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}} Its North American distribution rights were acquired by Cinemation Industries, and it opened on August 4, 1971, at the RKO 59th Street Twin theater in New York City. All servicemen were admitted free. By September 30, 1972, the film had earned theatrical rentals of $767,794 in the United States and Canada.

=Home media=

The film was first released on DVD in the U.S. on April 28, 2009, by Shout! Factory. In addition to the film, the DVD includes a 2006 documentary about Trumbo and the making of the film (Dalton Trumbo: Rebel in Hollywood), a new interview with Bottoms, behind-the-scenes footage with newly-recorded commentary by Bottoms and cinematographer Brenner, the film's original theatrical trailer, a 1971 article about the film from American Cinematographer, a 1940 radio adaptation of the book for Arch Oboler's Plays starring James Cagney, and the music video for Metallica's 1989 single "One".

Reception

The film has received mixed reviews. Roger Ebert gave it a full four-stars out of four, writing that Trumbo had handled the material, "strange to say, in a way that's not so much anti-war as pro-life. Perhaps that's why I admire it. Instead of belaboring ironic points about the 'war to end war,' Trumbo remains stubbornly on the human level. He lets his ideology grow out of his characters, instead of imposing it from above."{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/johnny-got-his-gun-1971 |title=Johnny Got His Gun |last=Ebert |first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|via=RogerEbert.com |date=January 1, 1971 |access-date=April 29, 2019 }}{{rating|4|4}} Roger Greenspun of The New York Times, however, stated that much of the film was "a mess of clichéd, imprecise sentimentalizing and fantasizing. On any terms that I might recognize and possibly credit, Johnny Got His Gun is a stultifyingly bad movie."{{cite news|last=Greenspun|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Greenspun|date=August 5, 1971|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/05/archives/pacifist-strategy-of-johnny-got-his-gun.html|title=Screen: Pacifist Strategy of 'Johnny Got His Gun'|newspaper=The New York Times|page=25}}

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four. He reported that he watched it twice, and, while he found it to be "as savagely effective as any antiwar film" after the first viewing, he changed his opinion after the second, feeling that "it didn't work at all," with the color flashback scenes "poorly acted and scripted", and the dreams "frequently much too detailed and barely illusory. In the black-and-white sequences, Trumbo is much more disciplined and effective."{{cite news|last=Siskel|first=Gene|author-link=Gene Siskel|date=September 3, 1971|title=Brilliant novel, a flawed film|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=14, Section 2}}{{rating|2.5|4}}

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "seems too late—a passionate anti-war sermon arriving at a time when the sermon has been done often and better, and more to the point has long since been accepted by the congregation. Paradoxically, the particular horror which Trumbo lays before us is at once so special and terrible and so manifestly symbolic, that by the end it has lost much of its power to move us. You admire the passion but cannot be sure what it achieved."{{cite news|last=Champlin|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Champlin|date=May 17, 1971|title=Cannes Festival: First 2 U.S. Entries Screened|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=12, Part IV}} Similarly, Tom Shales of The Washington Post said that the film "means well," but "Trumbo is not nearly sophisticated enough as a writer, nor proficient enough as a director, to either grip or alarm us for very long [...] Trumbo can't decide whether to fill his movie with symbols or people, so the screenplay is usually hollow and vague and never quite true."{{cite news|last=Shales|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Shales|date=September 16, 1971|title='Johnny Got His Gun': Good Intentions|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}} Tom Milne of The Monthly Film Bulletin thought the film "might have worked" if Trumbo had "treated the whole film in the black-and-white, expressionist manner of the hospital scenes," but, as it is, the flashback and fantasy sequences "not only reveal influences as varied and ill-advised as Fellini and M*A*S*H, but provide Joe with a very mundane and rather lachrymose biography; the Unknown Soldier is no longer an awesome symbol when he is provided with a name, rank and serial number."{{cite journal |last=Milne |first=Tom |date=November 1972 |title=Johnny Got His Gun |journal=The Monthly Film Bulletin |volume=39 |issue=466 |page=236 }}

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 67% of 21 critics' reviews of the film are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10.{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/johnny_got_his_gun |title=Johnny Got His Gun |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=April 2, 2020 }}

Legacy

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited Johnny Got His Gun as one of his favorite films.{{cite web |first=Lee|last=Thomas-Mason |title=From Stanley Kubrick to Martin Scorsese: Akira Kurosawa once named his top 100 favourite films of all time |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/akira-kurosawa-100-favourite-films-list/ |website=Far Out Magazine |access-date=20 September 2022}}{{cite web | title = Akira Kurosawa's Top 100 Movies! | url = http://wildgrounds.com/index.php/2009/01/17/akira-kurosawas-top-100-movies/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327124349/http://wildgrounds.com/index.php/2009/01/17/akira-kurosawas-top-100-movies/ | archive-date = 27 March 2010 | df = dmy-all }}

A TV film of the same name was made in Czechoslovakia in 1984.[https://www.fdb.cz/film/johnny-si-vzal-pusku/107345 Johnny si vzal pušku (TV movie)] FDb.cz {{in lang|cs}}

The 1988 song "One" by thrash metal band Metallica has a central character similar to the one in Johnny Got His Gun, and the music video released in early 1989 features a number of clips from the film.

In 2008, actor Benjamin McKenzie performed as Joe Bonham in a "live on stage, on film" staging of Bradley Rand Smith's 1982 off-Broadway play based on Trumbo's novel.[http://www.johnnygothisgunthemovie.com/JGHG_Variety_Review.pdf Variety review of the "live on stage, on film" version of Johnny Got His Gun] After a "city-by-city, single-screen release" of the filmed performance, a special educational DVD became available free of charge to every high school library in the U.S. in October 2010. The DVD contains the 2008 film, a pre-screening and post-screening discussion guide for students, a 15-minute featurette on the making of the 2008 film, a history of the novel, and the 1971 film's theatrical trailer.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}