Joint Terrorism Task Force

File:FBI and JTTF at Boston bombing.jpg, Massachusetts, JTTF members addressing news media during the investigation into the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing]]

The first JTTF was established in 1980 in New York City, with ten FBI special agents and ten New York City Police Department (NYPD) detectives.{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec04/jttf120114.htm |title=Protecting America Against Terrorist Attack – A Closer Look at the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Forces |publisher=FBI |date=December 1, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225050733/https://www2.fbi.gov/page2/dec04/jttf120114.htm |archive-date=December 25, 2016 }} In 1999, the United States had 26 JTTFs; shortly after the attacks, FBI director Robert Mueller instructed all FBI field offices to establish formal terrorism task forces. By December 2011, there were more than 100 Joint Terrorism Task Forces nationwide, the vast majority established after the September 11 attacks. There were 113 JTTFs as of 2013,Michael Price, [https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/NationalSecurity_LocalPolice_web.pdf National Security and Local Police], Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law (2013). and approximately 200 JTTFs as of 2022.Michael E. DeVine et al., [https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2022-09-01_R47229_6489ffa6eaf640d2ade53f0973c079f2651e4eb9.pdf Intelligence Coordination on Domestic Terrorism and Violent Extremism: Background and Issues for Congress], Congressional Research Service (September 1, 2022).

JTTFs are led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which is part of the U.S. Department of Justice. The various investigators, analysts, and specialists who participate in JTTFs (including linguists and SWAT personnel) are drawn from more than 600 state and local agencies and 50 federal agencies (including both federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies). The FBI's 2011 Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide, cited in a 2013 Congressional Research Service report, stated that more than 4,400 federal, state, and local law enforcement officers and agents work in JTTFs.

The regional JTTFs coordinate their efforts through the interagency National Joint Terrorism Task Force (NJTTF), based at FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. As of 2003, NJTTF was composed of representatives from 35 federal agencies{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress03/mefford090403.htm |title=FBI Congressional Testimony |publisher=FBI |date=September 4, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230151500/https://www2.fbi.gov/congress/congress03/mefford090403.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2016 }} and fell under the Operational Support Branch of the FBI Counterterrorism Division.{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/reports/FBI/a0410/orgchart.htm |title=Counterterrorism Division Organizational Chart |publisher=Office of the Inspector General |date=December 2003}}

A 2013 report from the Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law noted that "JTTFs tend to focus on investigative work while fusion centers are geared towards information collection and analysis, but their missions are intimately related and often overlapping"; JTTFs and fusion centers are sometimes "co-located" in the same physical working space.

File:US Navy 990913-N-1350W-004 Anti-terrorism Training Washington, D.C.jpg SWAT officer arresting a terrorist during a hostage situation training exercise at Naval Support Facility Anacostia in 1999. An FBI JTTF was one of the agencies involved in the exercise.]]

Joint Terrorism Task Forces have participated in high-profile investigations, including investigations into the 2007 Fort Dix attack plot,[https://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/08/fortdix.plot/index.html Official: Radicals wanted to create carnage at Fort Dix], CNN (May 9, 2007). 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot,[https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/newyork/press-releases/2011/russell-defreitas-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-for-conspiring-to-commit-terrorist-attack-at-jfk-airport Russell Defreitas Sentenced to Life in Prison for Conspiring to Commit Terrorist Attack at JFK Airport], FBI (February 17, 2011). 2009 plot by Najibullah Zazi targeting the New York City subway,William K. Rashbaum, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/nyregion/14imam.html Interagency Rift Cited in New York Terror Case], New York Times (December 13, 2009). Tarek Mehanna case,{{cite web|url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/boston/press-releases/2011/massachusetts-man-convicted-on-terrorism-related-charges|title=Massachusetts Man Convicted on Terrorism-Related Charges|date=December 20, 2011|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}Mark Clayton, [https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1022/p02s10-usju.html How FBI traced Tarek Mehanna in his quest to become a jihadi], Christian Science Monitor (October 22, 2009). 2012 Jose Pimentel case,Joseph Goldstein, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/nyregion/fbi-had-greater-role-in-jose-pimentel-terrorism-case-documents-show.html Documents Show Extent of F.B.I.'s Role in Terror Case], New York Times (November 13, 2012). 2015 Usaama Rahim plot,Adam Goldman, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/boston-terrorism-suspect-had-planned-to-attack-police-officers-fbi-says/2015/06/03/5528f2e2-0a25-11e5-a7ad-b430fc1d3f5c_story.html Boston terrorism suspect had planned to attack police officers, FBI says], Washington Post (June 3, 2015). Ahmad Khan Rahami's 2016 New York and New Jersey bombings,Adam Goldman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/us/fbi-terror-ahmad-khan-rahami.html Why Didn't the F.B.I. Stop the New York Bombing?], New York Times (September 21, 2016). Mark Steven Domingo's failed 2019 plot to bomb a rally in Long Beach, California,Jennifer Medina, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/us/terror-attack-los-angeles.html Terror Attack Thwarted in Los Angeles, Authorities Say], New York Times (April 29, 2019).[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/san-fernando-valley-man-who-plotted-bombing-long-beach-rally-sentenced-25-years-federal San Fernando Valley Man Who Plotted Bombing of Long Beach Rally Sentenced to 25 Years in Federal Prison], U.S. Department of Justice (November 2, 2021). and January 6 United States Capitol attack.[https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/ohio/ohio-man-charged-threas-witness-tampering-capitol-riots/530-2638dbaf-6001-40fe-85ae-5188665ed8cd Ohio man charged with making threats, witness tampering regarding his participation in Capitol riots], WKYC (January 15, 2021).

Before U.S. Army psychiatrist Nidal Hasan murdered 14 people in a mass shooting at Fort Hood, the JTTF in San Diego had acquired two messages from Hasen to radical Islamic ideologue Anwar al-Aulaqi. Concerned by the content of the messages, the San Diego JTTF contacted FBI Headquarters and the JTTF based in the FBI's Washington Field Office. The Washington Field Office did a limited assessment and concluded that Hasan was not "involved in terrorist activities." In the meantime, agents in San Diego acquired 14 additional emails and messages (12 from Hasan to al-Aulaqi and two from al-Aulaqi to Hasen), but San Diego did not forward these communications to the D.C. JTTF, and neither JTTF took any action.[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg81127/html/CHRG-112hhrg81127.htm Lessons from San Diego: Improving Our Ability to Connect the Dots], United States House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations, and Management Serial No. 112-118, September 14, 2012. Hasan committed the terrorist attack at Fort Hood several months later.[https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=717443 The William H. Webster Commission on the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism Intelligence, and the Events at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5, 2009], Homeland Security Digital Library, Center for Homeland Defense and Security. A commission led by William H. Webster investigated the FBI's counterterrorism intelligence in the lead-up to the Fort Hood shooting, and released its final report in 2012. The Webster Commission found that the assessment of Hasan conducted by the FBI and JTTFs was "belated, incomplete, and rushed, primarily because of their workload" and an "exponential growth in the amount of electronically stored information."[https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/unleashed-and-unaccountable-fbi-report.pdf Unleaded and Unaccountable: The FBIs Unchecked Abuse of Authority], American Civil Liberties Union (September 2013), pp. 24-25. The report did, however, conclude that all the FBI and task force personnel "acted with good intent" and that their mistakes did not result "from intentional misconduct."

File:FBI-NYPD Joint Terrorist Task Force.jpg

In 2005, Portland, Oregon became the first city in the nation to withdraw from a JTTF after the City Council voted 4–1 to leave.{{cite web | url=http://www.aclu-or.org/content/fbis-joint-terrorism-task-force | title=FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force | publisher=ACLU Oregon | date=April 28, 2005 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025081430/http://aclu-or.org/content/fbis-joint-terrorism-task-force | archive-date=October 25, 2010 }} The city rejoined the task force in 2015, with the City Council voting 3–2 to approve the assignment of two of its city's police officers to join the JTTF staff.{{Cite web|title = After 10-year hiatus, Portland OKs cops for FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force|url =https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2015/02/after_10-year_hiatus_portland.html|author=Brad Schmidt|publisher=The Oregonian/OregonLive|date=January 9, 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-joint-terrorism-task-force-withdraw-vote/|publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting|title=Portland Withdraws From Federal Joint Terrorism Task Force, Again|author=Amelia Templeton|date=February 13, 2015}} In 2019, Portland again voted to leave the JTTF by a 3–2 vote.{{cite web |last1=Shepard |first1=Katie |title=Portland Leaves the Joint Terrorism Task Force Again, Becoming Second U.S. City to Cut Ties |url=https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2019/02/13/portland-leaves-the-joint-terrorism-task-force-again-becoming-second-city-to-cut-ties/|newspaper=Willamette Week|date=February 13, 2019}}

After joining in 2002, San Francisco, California withdrew its police officers from the JTTF in 2017. It was later revealed in 2019 from an FBI white paper that San Francisco police officers and the FBI were not truthful about the JTTF's violations of local law and policy, and that the police involved with JTTF thought civil rights and free speech in San Francisco were a problem.{{Cite web |last=Devereaux |first=Ryan |title=FBI and San Francisco Police Have Been Lying About Scope of Joint Counterterrorism Investigations, Document Suggests |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/11/01/fbi-joint-terrorism-san-francisco-civil-rights/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=The Intercept |date=November 2019 |language=en}}

After the September 2001 terrorist attacks, the FBI began to establish or intensify working relationships with campus police departments; by January 2003, JTTFs included campus police officers from at least a dozen universities. This prompted some criticism from faculty and student organizations.Dan Eggen, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/01/25/fbi-taps-campus-police-in-anti-terror-operations/c303eb1b-77d3-4bf5-8398-4bc56d76eb2c/ FBI Taps Campus Police in Anti-Terror Operations], Washington Post (January 25, 2003]

Documents obtained by various American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) affiliates in 2004, 2005, and 2006 in response to Freedom of Information Act requests showed that JTTF investigations have focused on "peaceful advocacy organizations such as the School of the Americas Watch, Greenpeace, Catholic Workers Group, the Rocky Mountain Peace and Justice Center in Colorado, and the Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Justice in Pennsylvania, among others."{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/more-about-joint-terrorism-task-forces|title=New documents confirm that FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force wastes resources and threatens First Amendment rights by targeting peaceful protest activity as "domestic terrorism"|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=n.d.}} The ACLU has criticized these investigations,{{cite press release|url=http://www.aclu-co.org/news/pressrelease/release_JTTF120705.htm |title=Press Release|publisher=ACLU of Colorado|date=December 8, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206165726/http://www.aclu-co.org/news/pressrelease/release_JTTF120705.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2006 }}{{Cite web|author=G.W. Schulz|title = Are things any different in Denver?|url=https://publicintegrity.org/national-security/are-things-any-different-in-denver/|publisher= Center for Public Integrity|date=September 3, 2009}} calling them "inappropriate" targeting of "peaceful political activity having nothing to do with terrorism."

After a detective with the Fresno County, California Sheriff's Department who was a member of the JTTF attended public meetings of Peace Fresno in 2003, the Sheriff's Department issued a statement saying that "For the purpose of detecting or preventing terrorist activities, the Fresno County Sheriff’s Department may visit any place and attend any event that is open to the public, on the same terms and conditions as members of the public generally."{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/10/09/1556226 |title=Peace Group Infiltrated by Government Agent |publisher=Democracy Now! |date=October 9, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214091219/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F10%2F09%2F1556226 |archive-date=February 14, 2007 }}

In June 2008, according to City Pages, the Minneapolis-based JTTF approached a source to infiltrate vegan potlucks and eventually report back to authorities on organized protesting activities in preparation for the 2008 Republican National Convention in nearby Saint Paul.{{cite web | url=http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2008/06/whackamole.php | title=Whack a Mole | publisher=City Pages | author=Matt Snyder | date=June 3, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080611154336/http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2008/06/whackamole.php | archive-date=June 11, 2008 }}

In 2010, the Justice Department Office of Inspector General (OIG) issued a report that criticized the FBI for investigating various domestic activist groups from 2001 to 2006, including PETA, the Thomas Merton Center, and the Catholic Worker. The OIG faulted the FBI for providing the OIG "with speculative, after-the-fact rationalizations for their prior decisions to open investigations that [OIG] did not find persuasive."Marian Wang, [https://www.propublica.org/article/watchdog-faults-fbi-for-factually-weak-basis-for-investigating-activists Watchdog Faults FBI for 'Factually Weak' Basis for Investigating Activists], ProPublica (September 20, 2010).[https://oig.justice.gov/special/s1009r.pdf A Review of the FBI's Investigations of Certain Domestic Advocacy Groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322154533/https://oig.justice.gov/special/s1009r.pdf |date=2020-03-22 }}, Oversight and Review Division, Office of the Inspector General, September 2010.

A 2013 report from the Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law argued that, "The most significant oversight problem with assigning police officers to JTTFs is that there is no mechanism geared towards ensuring compliance with state and local laws. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that rules relating to how police officers should act in the event of a conflict between their federal and state/local obligations are sometimes unknown and almost always unclear."

• Terrorist Screening Database
• Terrorist Screening Center
• Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams (Canada)
• National Counter Terrorism Policing Network (United Kingdom)

{{Reflist}}

{{FBI}}

Category:United States Department of Homeland Security

Category:Task forces

Category:United States national commissions