Jonathan Shay

Shay's early medical work was laboratory research on how central nervous system cells are affected by strokes,{{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J | year = 1973 | title = Morphometry of an ischemic lesion of cat spinal cord | journal = The American Journal of Pathology | volume = 72 | issue = 3| pages = 397–402 | pmc = 1904035 | pmid = 4728890 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J. | last2 = Gonatas | first2 = N. K. | year = 1973 | title = Electron microscopy of cat spinal cord subject to circulatory arrest and deep local hypothermia (15 C) | journal = The American Journal of Pathology | volume = 72 | issue = 3| pages = 369–396 | pmid = 4728889 | pmc = 1904024 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Parks | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Shay | first2 = J. | last3 = Ames | first3 = III | year = 1976 | title = Cell volume and permeability of oxygen-and glucose-deprived retina in vitro | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 33 | issue = 10| pages = 709–14 | doi=10.1001/archneur.1976.00500100043014| pmid = 973808 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J. | last2 = Ames | first2 = III | year = 1976 | title = Retina Subjected to Components of Ischemia In Vitro: Selective Vulnerability and Minimum Lethal Exposure of Neurons and Glia to Oxygen and/or Glucose Deprivation and to Loss of Exchange With Incubating Medium | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 33 | issue = 10| pages = 715–21 | doi=10.1001/archneur.1976.00500100049015| pmid = 973809 }} but after suffering a stroke himself, he went to work for the United States Department of Veterans' Affairs outpatient clinic in Boston.[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14682035 Joseph Shapiro, "Psychiatrist Who Counsels Vets Wins Genius Grant," NPR, September 25, 2007.] While working there, in his words, "The veterans simply kidnapped me,"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJWZyZun27g Moral Wounds of War: Jonathan Shay Part 1] Dec 20, 2010 and his work with them "utterly redirected my life."{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/09/25/psychiatrist_treated_veterans_using_homer/ | work=The Boston Globe | first=Anna | last=Badkhen | title=Psychiatrist treated veterans using Homer | date=2007-09-25}}

In 1987, Shay shifted from neuropathology to the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and published a short article linking the combat histories of patients at the VA with the experience of war described in Homer's Iliad.{{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J | year = 1991 | title = Learning about combat stress from Homer's Iliad | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 4 | issue = 4| pages = 561–579 | doi=10.1002/jts.2490040409}} He was then approached by classics professor Gregory Nagy who suggested that the topic might be expanded into a full-length book on the nature and treatment of PTSD.

He has written two books, Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character (1994)Shay, Jonathan. Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. Simon and Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-684-81321-9}} and Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming (2002),Shay, Jonathan. Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming. New York: Scribner, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-1157-4}} which discuss PTSD by reference to the experiences of American veterans of the Vietnam War, and the experiences depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Shay's research uncovered what may be the earliest historical reference to PTSD, in Lady Percy's soliloquy in Henry IV, Part 1 (act 2, [http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=henry4p1&Act=2&Scene=3&Scope=scene scene 3, lines 40-62]). Written around 1597, it represents an unusually accurate description of the symptom constellation of PTSD.

Shay has also done research on the use of Prozac in treating PTSD in Vietnam veterans.{{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J | year = 1992 | title = Fluoxetine reduces explosiveness and elevates mood of Vietnam combat vets with PTSD | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 97–101 | doi=10.1002/jts.2490050110}}

Shay writes, "For years I have agitated against the diagnostic jargon 'Posttraumatic stress disorder' because transparently we are dealing with an injury, not an illness, malady, disease, sickness, or disorder."{{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J | year = 2011 | title = Casualties | journal = Daedalus | volume = 140 | issue = 3| pages = 179–188 | doi=10.1162/DAED_a_00107| pmid = 21898967 | s2cid = 231592169 | doi-access = free }}

Shay argues that PTSD is not an illness but the persistence of adaptive behaviors needed to survive in a stressful environment. For example, emotional numbing is useful in a disaster situation and maladaptive in a family setting, and loss of trust enhances survival in a prison but not in a community setting. Like Derek Summerfield, he also argues against labeling and patronizing treatment. Shay recommends that we resocialize trauma survivors as a means of promoting socially acceptable behavior patterns.[http://voiceseducation.org/content/jonathan-shay Jonathan Shay, quoted from transcript of his interview in the documentary film Voices in Wartime (2005). Written and directed by Rick King.] He cites classical Greek theater and the collective mourning described in the Iliad as possible precedents. In Odysseus in America he writes of "the circle of communalization of trauma": "When trauma survivors hear that enough of the truth of their experience has been understood, remembered and retold with enough fidelity to carry some of this truth ... then the circle of communalization is complete."

Shay is a passionate advocate of improved mental health treatment for soldiers and of more vigorous efforts to prevent PTSD, in addition to structural reform of the ways the U.S. armed forces are organized, trained, and counseled. He has collaborated with General James Jones, the past commandant of the Marines, and Major General James Mattis of the Marines.[http://salemaward.org/jonathan-shay-97.html The Salem Award for Human Rights and Social Justice: Dr. Jonathan Shay: Advocating for Veterans.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615202933/http://salemaward.org/jonathan-shay-97.html |date=2013-06-15 }} He has promoted the concept of preventative psychiatry in support of military cohesion, leadership and training:{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00377310903130332 | volume=79 | issue=3–4 | title=The Trials of Homecoming: Odysseus Returns from Iraq/Afghanistan | year=2009 | journal=Smith College Studies in Social Work | pages=286–298 | last1 = Shay | first1 = Jonathan| s2cid=144386817 }}

Prevention of psychological and moral injury in military service has three axes: cohesion, leadership, and training. First is keep people together. Train them together, send them into danger together, bring them home together, and give them time together to digest what they've just been through ... The second axis is expert, ethical, and properly supported leadership ... The third axis of prevention is prolonged, progressive, realistic training for what the troops have to do and face.[http://www.helleniccomserve.com/shayachillesnodysseus.html Jonathan Shay, "Achilles and Odysseus Today: What Homer Can Tell Us About Military Leadership."]

{{main|Moral injury}}

Shay introduced the concept of "Moral injury" and recommended treatment strategies for it in his two books. Moral injury is a distinct syndrome from (but often co-morbid with) PTSD and is one of the primary themes for the veterans described in his books, often leading to personality changes and obstructing successful treatment.Shay, J., Munroe, J. "Group and Milieu Therapy for Veterans with Complex posttraumatic stress disorder," in posttraumatic stress disorder: A Comprehensive Text, Edited by Saigh, Philip A. and Bremner, J. Douglas. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998. Pp. 391-413{{cite journal | last1 = Maguen | first1 = S. | last2 = Litz | first2 = B. T. | year = 2012 | title = Moral injury in veterans of war | url = http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/v23n1.pdf | journal = PTSD Research Quarterly | volume = 23 | issue = 1| pages = 1–6 }}

Shay writes that his "current most precise (and narrow) definition of moral injury has three parts. Moral injury is present when (1) there has been a betrayal of what is morally correct; (2) by someone who holds legitimate authority; and (3) in a high-stakes situation." Factor (2) is an instance of Shay's concept of "leadership malpractice". Other authors have alternative definitions where (2) is by the individual.{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003 | pmid=19683376 | volume=29 | issue=8 | title=Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy | year=2009 | journal=Clinical Psychology Review | pages=695–706 | last1 = Litz | first1 = Brett T.}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBkCg6_ISpQ "Moral Injury" Video of Dr. Jonathan Shay at the Narrative Medicine VA Workshop, March 9, 2012.] Columbia University Medical Center.

Shay is respected in military circles, having conducted the Commandant of the Marine Corps Trust Study (1999–2000); serving as visiting scholar-at-large at the U.S. Naval War College (2001); Chair of Ethics, Leadership, and Personnel Policy in the Office of the U.S. Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel; and was Omar Bradley Chair of Strategic Leadership at the US Army War College and Dickinson College (2008–2009).[http://www.dickinson.edu/academics/Awards-to-Members-of-the-Faculty/ Dickinson College, Awards to Members of the Faculty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606130342/http://dickinson.edu/academics/Awards-to-Members-of-the-Faculty/ |date=2012-06-06 }}

In 2007 he received a MacArthur "Genius Grant" fellowship. In 2010 he was awarded the [http://salemaward.org/jonathan-shay-97.html Salem Award for Human Rights and Social Justice] for "building public awareness and acceptance of post-traumatic stress disorder as a serious and bona fide war injury."

In 2018, Volunteers of America established The Shay Moral Injury Center, named in his honor and dedicated to deepening understanding about moral injury in the many populations who experience it.{{Cite web|url=https://www.voa.org/moral-injury-center/videos/introducing-the-shay-moral-injury-center-at-volunteers-of-america|title=Introducing The Shay Moral Injury Center at Volunteers of America|website=Volunteers of America Shay Moral Injury Center|access-date=2019-04-10}}

{{reflist|2}}

{{Wikiquote|Jonathan Shay}}

{{Portal|Biography}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJWZyZun27g Jonathan Shay talks about the concept of moral injury, part 1] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zELUAncWnjE Part 2] December 20, 2010
• [https://archive.today/20131115022151/http://www.diebenow.com/content/jonathan-shay-why-study-thymos-colgate-university-0 Why Study Thymos?] Video of lecture at Colgate University, April 24, 2013
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/11/science/scientist-work-jonathan-shay-exploring-combat-psyche-beginning-with-homer.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "SCIENTIST AT WORK -- JONATHAN SHAY; Exploring Combat and the Psyche, Beginning With Homer," David Berreby, March 11, 2003]
• [http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol2no2/shay.html Jonathan Shay, "The Birth of Tragedy--Out of the Needs of Democracy."]
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/us/13shay-interview.html?_r=0 Dr. Jonathan Shay on Returning Veterans and Combat Trauma], New York Times, January 13, 2008.
• [http://www.onbeing.org/blog/beyond-ptsd-to-moral-injury/5069 Jeff Severns Guntzel, "Beyond PTSD to "Moral Injury." Interview with Dr. Jonathan Shay, March 14, 2013.]
• [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2011/03/11/may-28-2010-jonathan-shay-extended-interview/6384/ Jonathan Shay Extended Interview, March 11, 2011]
• {{cite journal | last1 = Shay | first1 = J | year = 1999 | title = Mental disorder after two wars: sauce for the goose, but none for the gander | journal = Reviews in American History | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 149–155 | doi=10.1353/rah.1999.0019| pmid = 11623715 | s2cid = 29100575 }}
• {{C-SPAN|1004512}}

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Category:Living people

Category:MacArthur Fellows

Category:American psychiatrists

Category:Harvard University alumni

Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni

Category:1941 births

Category:Moral psychologists