José Segundo Decoud

Segundo Decoud was born in Asunción on 14 May 1848 to Juan Francisco Decoud and Maria Luisa Concepción Domecq during Carlos Antonio López's rule.{{sfn|Calzada|1913|p= 8}} The Decouds gradually became opposed to the López regime, and in the early 1850s, the execution of Decoud's uncles Teodoro and Gregorio for treason forced his family into exile.{{sfn|Armadans|2020}}

Together with his brother Juan José, he studied at the Colegio del Uruguay in Entre Ríos, Argentina{{sfn|Calzada|1913|p= 10}} and later joined the law school at the University of Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Calzada|1913|p= 17}} With the outbreak of the Paraguayan War, however, he abandoned his studies and enlisted into the Paraguayan Legion, a military unit formed out of oppositionists of Francisco Solano López in Buenos Aires in 1865, though he left the unit before the war ended{{sfn|Calzada|1913|p= 12}} due to disagreement with the Allies' war goals which had come to public light in May 1866.{{sfn|Esteves|1983|p= 24}} It was while he was in the Legion that he aided in convincing Antonio Estigarribia to surrender his force (which included a good part of the pre-war Paraguayan Army){{efn|Precisely, 8 infantry battalions, out of the pre-war army's 26, and also 5 out of its 12 cavalry regiments were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Centurión|1894|p= 165}}}} during the Siege of Uruguaiana.{{sfn|Centurión|1947|p= 255}}

As the war went on, he and his brother started to publish a newspaper called El Nacionalista in Corrientes, in which they harshly denounced the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, which would lead to Paraguay losing territory. This, in turn, soured the Decouds' relations with the Brazilian authorities.{{sfn|Monte|1999|p= 45}}

File:Alfarez Jose Segundo Decoud.jpg

Months before the war was over, and with the chief Brazilian diplomat Silva Paranhos' approval, the new Paraguayan politics began to form. On 26 June 1869, the Club del Pueblo was created with Decoud as a secretary. The club was a liberal political organization that mostly congregated former members of the Paraguayan Legion and other dissenters to the López regime.{{sfn|Decoud|1925|p= 123}} Already considered influential for his work in civic, social, and political activities of postwar, Decoud was named one of the members of the constitutional assembly that created the 1870 Constitution,{{cite web|title=José Segundo Decoud|url=https://www.anr.org.py/el-partido/lideres-del-partido/jose-segundo-decoud/|website=anr.org.py|publisher= ANR - Partido Colorado|language=es|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516180427/https://www.anr.org.py/el-partido/lideres-del-partido/jose-segundo-decoud/|url-status=live}} and in 1871 was made minister of Foreign Affairs for Cirilo Rivarola's government, having previously been Rivarola's secretary while the latter served as triumvir.{{sfn|Aquino|1985|p= 47-48}} His father Juan Francisco had been considered for the role of triumvir, but the Brazilian authorities distrusted the Decoud family and named Rivarola in his stead.{{sfn|Monte|1999|p= 49-50}}

Afterwards, as Paraguayan politics took a violent turn,{{sfn|Prado|2022|pp=41-45}} Decoud temporarily withdrew from government duties to focus on his career as a journalist, and returned only in 1878 as minister for the Candido Bareiro government. The 1880s were the years in which he was most active and had the greatest impact upon Paraguayan politics. One of his most important feats was achieved in 1885, when he went to London as an extraordinary envoy and managed to renegotiate Paraguay's debt from a little short of 3 million pounds sterling to 850 thousand, though the country had to cede 8,700 km² of land to the bondholders in exchange.{{sfn|Prado|2022|p= 45}} As a diplomat, he also represented Paraguay as ambassador to the Empire of Brazil and to the Uruguayan government. Besides this, he was the co-founder of the Colorado Party in 1887, alongside ex-president Bernardino Caballero and others, contributing a number of years as a leading ideologue.{{sfn|Warren|1985|p= 55-56; 73}} The foundation of the country's first university, the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, was in good part motivated by him as well.{{sfn|Warren|Warren|2014|pp= 299-300}}{{Cite web |url=https://una.py/images/stories/Investigacion/revistas/vol2.pdf |title=UNA 120 años de historia - Volumen II |access-date=2020-04-04 |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519032809/https://una.py/images/stories/Investigacion/revistas/vol2.pdf |url-status=dead }} In addition, he was a mason.{{sfn|Prado|2022|p= 37}}

File:Gabinete del presidente Bernardino Caballero (1880 - 1886).jpg

Some controversies marked his career. He was one of the foremost advocates for the process of land sales by the government conducted from 1883 onwards,{{sfn|Warren|Warren|2014|pp= 170}} which served to rapidly privatize land ownership and had a somewhat short-lived impact on the country's finances.{{sfn|Prado|2022|pp=90-98}} He also was accused of having plotted with Argentine authorities in the 1870s to allow for Paraguay's annexation to the former country;{{sfn|Warren|Warren|2014|p= 101}} his involvement with the Paraguayan Legion during the 1860s saw him frequently being called a traitor by his political adversaries in his later life.{{sfn|Zubizarreta|1961|pp=124}}{{sfn|Monte|1999|p= 58}} In the 1890s, he would still occupy many cabinet positions and was even considered for the presidency, but political intrigues kept him from power.{{efn|Namely, in 1894, president González was preparing to name Decoud as his successor, a movement that was two years in the making. This institutional backing meant that Decoud was likely going to be president; Argentina also favored him over the other candidates. However, Brazilian diplomacy disapproved of Decoud, and its representant in situ, {{interlanguage link|Amaro Cavalcanti|pt}}, funded a coup by the prestigious general Juan Bautista Egusquiza to topple González. The latter's vice-president, Morínigo, completed his term, and was succeeded by Egusquiza.{{sfn|Warren|1985|pp=90-92}}{{sfn|Doratioto|1994|pp=156-164}}}}

José Segundo Decoud began his career in the Paraguayan press soon after his return to the country in 1869. Together with his brother Héctor Decoud, he worked as an editor and writer for the newspaper La Regeneración in that same year; the paper lasted until September 1870. Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, he contributed to other newspapers such as La Reforma and La Opinión Pública.{{sfn|Calzada|1913|p= 61}} His more impactful texts were frequently republished in Argentine newspapers. Decoud also translated Joseph Alden's The Science of Government in Connection with American Institutions to Spanish,{{cite book|title=Catálogo de la Biblioteca Paraguaya "Solano López"|date=1906|publisher=H. Kraus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b90vAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2022-10-30}} and wrote books and articles, with Recuerdos históricos, La amistad, Cuestiones Políticas y Económicas and El patriotismo being amongst the most important according to {{ill|Rafael Calzada Fernández|lt=Calzada|es|Rafael Calzada Fernández}}, his biographer,{{sfn|Calzada|1913|pp= 62-63}} who also claimed that Decoud had been preparing for some years to write a book that would discuss Paraguayan history from the colonial era to his time before his death.{{sfn|Calzada|1913|p= 61}}

In 2014, the historian and diplomat Ricardo Scavone Yegros prepared a compilation and a critical study of Decoud's works, publishing it under one binding.{{sfn|Yegros|2014}}{{Cite web |url=https://tiempodehistoria.org/producto/ensayos-sobre-cuestiones-politicas-y-economicas-2/ |title=Ensayos sobre cuestiones políticas y económicas |access-date=2025-05-22}}

Disillusioned with the direction of post-war Paraguayan politics, Decoud committed suicide in 1909,{{sfn|Prado|2024|p= 424}} leaving a letter to his wife in which he stated:

{{Blockquote|text=The citizens of classical antiquity preferred death to a sterile life cut short by the low passions of men. I have thus conceived the idea of an immolation, as a personal sacrifice before the sacred area of the Homeland. Hopefully this holocaust closes the list of those who, having given their whole lives, also succumb offering their own death! Let the dead bury their dead!}}

His suicide letter can be read in Francisco Doratioto's Relações Brasil-Paraguai: afastamento, tensões e reaproximação (1889-1954).{{Sfn|Doratioto|2012|p=79-80}}

• {{cite book |last1=Decoud |first1=José S. |title=Ensayos sobre cuestiones políticas y económicas |date=2014 |publisher=Tiempo de Historia|ref=none|language=es}}
• {{cite book |last1=Decoud |first1=José S. |title=A List of Books, Magazine Articles, and Maps Relating to Paraguay |date=1904 |publisher=Government Printing Office |ref=none |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_List_of_Books_Magazine_Articles_and_Ma/qZAYAAAAMAAJ}}
• {{cite book |last1=Decoud |first1=José S. |last2=Porter |first2=Hampden |title=Paraguay |edition=2nd |date=1902 |publisher=International Bureau of the American Republics |ref=none |url=https://archive.org/details/paraguay00inte}}
• {{cite book |last1=Decoud |first1=José S. |title=Nociones de derecho constitucional |date=1887 |publisher=J. Peuser |ref=none|language=es |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100358267}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|25em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|title=Catálogo de la Biblioteca Paraguaya "Solano López"|year= 1906|publisher=H. Kraus}}
• {{cite book|last=Aquino|first=Ricardo C.|title=La Segunda Republica Paraguaya 1869-1906|year= 1985|publisher=Arte Nuevo|isbn=9789996712906}}
• {{cite book|last=Armadans|first=Claudio F.|year=2020|title=Juan Francisco Decoud: De la Legión a La Regeneración|publisher=Atlas}}
• {{cite book|last=Calzada|first=Rafael|title=Rasgos Biográficos de José Segundo Decoud|year= 1913}}
• {{cite book|last=Centurión|first=Carlos R.|year=1947|title=Historia de las letras paraguayas|publisher=Ayacucho}}
• {{cite book|title=Memorias del coronel Juan Crisóstomo Centurión o sea reminiscencias históricas sobre la Guerra del Paraguay, vol. 1|last=Centurión |first= Juan C.|date=1894|publisher=Imprenta de Obras de J. A. Berra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DkyzwEACAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last=Decoud|first=Hector F.|year=1925|title=Una década de vida nacional|publisher=H. Kraus}}
• {{cite book|last=Doratioto|first=Francisco|year=2012|title=Relações Brasil-Paraguai: afastamento, tensões e reaproximação (1889-1954)|publisher=Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão|isbn=978-85-7631-384-7|url=https://funag.gov.br/biblioteca-nova/produto/1-192-relacoes_brasil_paraguai_afastamento_tensoes_e_reaproximacao_1889_1954_}}
• {{cite journal|last=Doratioto|first=Francisco|year=1994|title= A participação brasileira no golpe de Estado de 1894 no Paraguai: A Missão Cavalcanti|volume=2|issue=4|journal=Textos de História|publisher=Universidade de Brasília|url=https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/21964 |language=pt}}
• {{cite book|last=Esteves|first=Gomes F.|year=1983|title=Historia contemporánea del Paraguay (1869-1920)|publisher=NAPA|isbn=978-9-992-55043-4}}
• {{cite book |last=Monte |first=Mary |date=1999 |editor-last1=Monte |editor-first1=Mary |editor-last2=Martínez |editor-first2=Ofelia |title=Dios proteja destino pátria |publisher=Centro de Documentación y Estudios |pages=31–58 |chapter=El Senador Traidor |isbn=}}
• {{cite thesis|last=Prado|first=Mário L. F.|title=O Processo de Recuperação Econômica do Paraguai após a Guerra da Tríplice Aliança (1870 - 1890)|url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-25052022-143523/publico/2022_MarioLemosFloresDoPrado_VCorrigida.pdf|year=2022|publisher=Universidade de São Paulo|archive-date=2022-06-11|access-date=2025-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611200214/https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-25052022-143523/publico/2022_MarioLemosFloresDoPrado_VCorrigida.pdf|url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal|last=Prado|first=Mário L. F.|year=2024|title=Pátria e Liberdade no pensamento de José Segundo Decoud|volume=13|issue=25|journal=Revista Eletrônica Trilhas da História|publisher=Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul|doi=10.55028/th.v13i25.18578 |language=pt|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Segatto |first=Bruno F. |date=2013 |title=Liberalismo em Terras Guaranis: o Jornal La Regeneración e o Paraguai pós-guerra da Tríplice Aliança (1869-1870) |degree=B.A. |publisher=Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul}}
• {{cite book|title=Paraguay and the Triple Alliance: The Postwar Decade, 1869-1878|last1=Warren|first1=H.G.|last2=Warren|first2=K.F.|date=2014|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9781477306994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa50BQAAQBAJ|access-date=2017-01-07}}
• {{cite book|title=Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878-1904|last1=Warren|first1=H.G.|date=1985|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=0-8229-3507-4|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rebirth_of_the_Paraguayan_Republic.html?id=EMgZAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last=Yegros|first=Ricardo S.|year=2014|title=Ensayos sobre cuestiones políticas y económicas|publisher=Tiempo de Historia|isbn=978-9-996-76096-9}}
• {{cite book|last=Zubizarreta|first=Carlos|year=1961|title=Cien vidas paraguayas|publisher=Nizza|oclc=9363984}}

{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Decoud, José Segundo}}

Category:1848 births

Category:1909 deaths

Category:Politicians from Asunción

Category:Presidents of the Supreme Court of Paraguay

Category:Ministers of finance of Paraguay

Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Paraguay

Category:People of the Paraguayan War

Category:Colorado Party (Paraguay) politicians

Category:Presidents of the Senate of Paraguay

Category:Ambassadors of Paraguay to Brazil

Category:19th-century politicians

Category:20th-century Paraguayan politicians

Category:University of Buenos Aires alumni

Category:Paraguayan male journalists

Category:Paraguayan Freemasons

Category:1909 suicides