Joseon missions to Japan#1764

{{Short description|Korea to Japan diplomacy}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}

File:Chosenheireishi yodojyo chakuraizu.jpg

Joseon missions to Japan represent a crucial aspect of the international relations of mutual Joseon-Japanese contacts and communication.한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip), Vol. 6, p. 29. In sum, these serial diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's kyorin (neighborly relations) diplomacy from 1392 to 1910.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

The chronology of one side in a bilateral relationship stands on its own. This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the sadae (serving the great) diplomacy which characterized the Joseon-Chinese relations in this same period.Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA49 Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 49.]

The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical model would be modified. The changing model mirrors the evolution of a unique relationship between two neighboring states.Toby, Ronald P. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hK7tczn2QoC&dq=korean+diplomacy+1711&pg=PA85 State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 87.] In the 20th century, Joseon's neighborly relations diplomacy failed.

Joseon diplomacy

{{Main|Joseon diplomacy}}

General Yi Sŏng-gye (posthumously known as Taejo of Joseon) established the "Kingdom of Great Joseon" in 1392–1393, and he founded the Yi dynasty which would retain power on the Korean peninsula for five hundred years. An early achievement of the new monarch was improved relations with China; and indeed, Joseon had its origin in General Yi's refusal to attack China in response to raids from Chinese bandits.Hussain, Tariq. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OijoSOZktc4C&pg=PA45 Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century, p. 45]; Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtEZ7Zq7s-gC&pg=PA401 Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, p. 401.] The Joseon foreign policy would evolve from pre-existing foundations. For example, Goryeo envoy Chŏng Mong-ju travelled to Japan in 1377;Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 313; [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=33 Korea-Japan Relations> Middle Ages> 4. Waegu and the Korea-Japan Relationship.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164235/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=33 |date=October 28, 2009 }} and the consequences of his efforts were only seen later.

As an initial step, a diplomatic mission was dispatched to Japan in 1402. The Joseon envoy sought to bring about the re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries and he was charged to commemorate the good relations which existed in ancient times. This mission was successful, and shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was reported to have been favorably impressed by this initial embassy.Titsingh, p. 320. Subsequent missions developed and nurtured the contacts and exchanges between the two neighboring countries.

Not less than 70 diplomatic missions were dispatched from the Joseon capital to Japan before the beginning of Japan's Edo period.Lewis, James Bryant. Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan, p. 269 n. 89, citing Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu (1996) by Na Chongpu. A diplomatic mission conventionally consisted of three envoys—the main envoy, the vice-envoy, and a document official. Also included were one or more official writers or recorders who created a detailed account of the mission.Walraven, Boudewign et al. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies, p. 362. Artists were also included in the diplomatic delegation.

Reciprocal missions were construed as a means of communication between Korean kings and Japanese shōguns of almost equal ranking. The emperors of Japan at the time were figureheads with no actual political or military power;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwztKKtQ_rAC&pg=PA1 | title=The Emperors of Modern Japan| isbn=978-9004168220| last1=Shillony| first1=Ben-Ami| year=2008| publisher=BRILL}}{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvzPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title = Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders|isbn = 9781462903962|last1 = Shillony|first1 = Ben-Ami|date = January 24, 2012| publisher=Tuttle }} the actual political and military rulers of Japan with whom Joseon communicated were the shoguns who were represented as Tycoon of Japan in most foreign communications in order to avoid the conflict with the Sinocentric world order in which the emperor of China was the highest authority, and all rulers of tributary states were known as "kings".Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA206 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 206.]

The history of Joseon Korea's diplomacy with Japan can be parsed in four parts: (a) before the Japanese invasions in 1592–1598; (b) in the context of the invasion; (c) after the invasion; and (d) in modern times.

Joseon missions to the Muromachi shogunate

{{See also|Joseon Tongsinsa#15th–16th century diplomatic ventures}}

The Joseon diplomatic contacts and communication with Japan encompassed formal embassies to the Muromachi bakufu. Joseon diplomacy also included the more frequent and less formal exchanges with the Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) of Tsushima Island.

In addition, trade missions between merchants of the area were commonplace. For example, more than 60 trade missions per year marked the period from 1450 through 1500.Ferris, William. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oEkewem1LBYC&pg=PT181 Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History, 181.]

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! scope="col" width=8% | Year

! scope="col" width=10% | Sender

! scope="col" width=26% | Joseon chief envoy

! scope="col" width=20% | Japanese shōgun

! scope="col" width=48% | Official purpose

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|1392

|Taejo

| – ?

|Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

|align="left" | Re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries, remembering good relations which existed in ancient timesTitsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 320.

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|1398

|Taejo

|Pak Ton-ji.Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA275 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275]; Titsingh, p. 322

|Ashikaga Yoshimochi

|align="left" | Response envoys; and seeking help in suppression of pirate fleets, called waegu (왜구) in Korean or wakō (倭寇) in Japanese , Ōuchi Yoshihiro let him visit and Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the retired shōgun, sent him a letter with presentsKang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA275 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275.]

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|1404

|Taejong

|Yŏ Ŭison

|Ashikaga Yoshimochi

|align="left" | Response envoysKang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA275 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 275]; Hall, John Whitney. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6RBXXJixf-sC&pg=PA242 The Cambridge History of Japan: Early Modern Japan, p. 242.]

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|1406

|Taejong

|Yun Myŏng

|Ashikaga Yoshimochi

|align="left" | Response envoys

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|1410

|Taejong

|Yang SuKang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA39 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 39.]

|Ashikaga Yoshimochi

|align="left" | Response envoys; conveying condolences on the death of Yoshimitsu; and offering to send a copy of a rare Buddhist text.Titsingh, pp. 325–326.

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|1413

|Taejong

|Bak Bun?

|Ashikaga Yoshimochi

|align="left" | –?

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|1420

|Sejong

|Song Hŭigyŏng

|Ashikaga Yoshimochi

|align="left" | Response envoys

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|1423

|Sejong

|Pak HŭichungKang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA72 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 72.]

|Ashikaga Yoshikazu

|align="left" | Response envoys; and transporting a copy of a rare Buddhist text.Titsingh, p. 330.

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|1424

|Sejong

|Pak An-sin

|Ashikaga Yoshikazu

|align="left" | Response envoys

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|1428

|Sejong

|Pak Sŏ-saeng

|Ashikaga Yoshinori

|align="left" | Condolences on the death of Yoshimochi; conveying congratulations on the succession of Yoshinori

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|1432

|Sejong

|Yi YeKang, Diplomacy and Ideology. p. 275; Lee, Sang Oak et al. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OQRxAAAAMAAJ&q=1432+envoy+japan Perspectives on Korea, p. 268.]

|Ashikaga Yoshinori

|align="left" | Response envoys

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|1439

|Sejong

|Ko Tŭkchong

|Ashikaga Yoshinori

|align="left" | Neighborly relations; and asking help in suppression of expanded waegu (wakō) activities.

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|1443

|Sejong

|Pyŏn HyomunKang, Jae-eun, and Suzanne Lee. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iB8R0oEH3kEC&dq=1443+Byeon+Hyo-mun&pg=PA241 The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 241]; Titsingh, p. 342.

|Ashikaga Yoshimasa

|align="left" | Condolences on the death of Yoshinori; and conveying congratulations on the succession of Yoshikatsu

=1392=

In the 1st year of the reign of King Taejo of Joseon, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1398=

In the 6th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan. Pak Tong-chi and his retinue arrived in Kyoto in the early autumn of 1398 (Ōei 5, 8th month). Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimochi presented the envoy with a formal diplomatic letter; and presents were given for the envoy to convey to the Joseon court.Titsingh, p. 322.

=1404=

In the 4th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1406=

In the 6th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1409–1410=

In the 10th year of King Taejong's reign, an ambassador from the Joseon court was received in Kyoto. This event in 1409 (Ōei 16, 3rd month) was considered significant.Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA325 pp. 325–326.]

=1413=

In the 13th year of King Taejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1420=

In the 2nd year of the reign of King Sejong the Great, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1423=

In the 5th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1424=

In the 6th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.

=1428=

In the 10th year of King Sejong's reign, the Joseon court dispatched Pak Sŏ-saeng as chief envoy of a mission to the shogunal court of Ashikaga Yoshinori in Japan.

=1432=

In the 14th year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan.Lee, Sang Oak et al. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OQRxAAAAMAAJ&q=1432+envoy+japan Perspectives on Korea, p. 268.]

=1439=

In the 21st year of King Sejong's reign, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan. The leader of this embassy to shōgun Yoshinori was Ko Tŭk-chong.

=1443=

In the 25th year of King Sejong's reign, an embassy was sent to the Japanese capital. Pyŏn Hyomun was the chief envoy sent by the Joseon court.Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iB8R0oEH3kEC&dq=1443+Byeon+Hyo-mun&pg=PA241 Land of Scholars, p. 241]; Titsingh, p. 342. The ambassador was received in Kyoto by Ashikaga Yoshimasa.

Joseon missions to Hideyoshi

{{main|Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)}}

After the fall of the Ashikaga shogunate, the Joseon diplomatic missions to Japan were dispatched to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who emerged as an unchallenged strong man and leader after the death of Oda Nobunaga in 1582. The less formal contacts with the leaders of the Sō clan on Tsushima continued.

Diplomatic relations were severed in 1592 when Japanese armies invaded Joseon territory. The ruptured bilateral relations were not restored immediately after the death of Hideyoshi in 1598; the invading forces gradually withdrew from occupied land on the Korean peninsula.Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA86 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 86.] By the end of 1598 all Japanese forces had left Korea, but relations would not be normalized until several years later, during the Tokugawa shogunate.

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! scope="col" scope="col" width=8% | Year

! scope="col" scope="col" width=10% | Sender

! scope="col" scope="col" width=26% | Joseon chief envoy

! scope="col" scope="col" width=20% | Taiko{{nihongo|Taikō|太閤}} a title given to a retired Kampaku regent in Japan; a title commonly associated with Toyotomi Hideyoshi

! scope="col" width=48% | Official purpose

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|1590

|Seonjo

|Hwang Yun-gilRutt, Richard et al. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7pyBEWioLsC&pg=PA190 Korea: a Historical and Cultural Dictionary, p. 190.]

|Toyotomi Hideyoshi

|align="left" | Congratulations on the unification of Hideyoshi

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|1596

|Seonjo

|Hwang SinPalais, James B. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kwpSxkUYCSAC&pg=PA83 Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn Dynasty, p. 83]; n.b., this source equates the term "formal ambassador" with "tongsinsa", without reference to signifying "normalized" bilateral relations.

|Toyotomi Hideyoshi

|align="left" | Negotiating end of hostilities, withdrawal of invading Japanese forces.Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&dq=1596+hwang+sin&pg=PA225 Diplomacy and Ideology, p. 225.]

=1590=

In the 23rd year of the reign of King Seonjo, a diplomatic mission led by Hwang Yun-gil was sent by the Joseon court to Japan. The Joseon ambassador was received by the Japanese leader, Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

=1596=

In the 29th year of King Seonjo's reign, a diplomatic mission headed by Hwang Sin accompanied the Ming ambassadors who traveled to Japan.

Joseon missions to the Tokugawa shogunate

{{main|Joseon Tongsinsa#17th-19th century diplomatic ventures}}

After the Japanese invaders were repulsed, Korean-Japanese diplomatic relations had to be re-established and normalized; they ultimately took on a somewhat different form than prior to 1592.Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRAPN6SZqKUC&pg=PA44 The Korean struggle for International identity, p. 44.] For starters, Japanese envoys/missions were restricted to the waegwan in Busan and prohibited from traveling to Hanseong (present-day Seoul) by the Joseon court (as the Japanese invasion forces in 1592 used the same land route in Korea as prior Japanese missions had).[http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 "Early Modern Period." Northeast Asian History Foundation, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=28 October 2009 }} Further, the missions from Joseon were no longer greeted in Japan by military commanders but only diplomats. Lastly, the costs of the Korean missions were entirely paid for by the Japanese, which by some estimates equaled the Tokugawa shogunate's entire annual budget in the years that they were dispatched.

The Joseon court also did not resume using the term tongsinsa for missions to Japan until the 1636 mission, as the term was only used for missions under conditions of normalized relations.Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&pg=RA1-PA21 Frontier contact between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan, pp. 21–24.]

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! scope="col" width=8% | Year

! scope="col" width=10% | Sender

! scope="col" width=26% | Joseon chief envoy

! scope="col" width=10% | Japanese shōgun

! scope="col" width=48% | Official purpose

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|1607

|Seonjo

|Yŏ UgilKang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA144 p. 144.]

|Tokugawa Hidetada

|align="left" | Responding to Japanese invitation; observation of internal Japanese political situation; repatriation of prisoners.[http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=57 Northeast Asia History Foundation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303180500/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=57 |date=March 3, 2009 }}: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Haesarok (Records of Overseas Mission) by Gyeong Seom.

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|1617

|Gwanghaegun

|O Yun'gyŏmWalraven, Boudewijn et al. (2007). Korea in the middle: Korean studies and area studies, p. 361.

|Tokugawa Hidetada

|align="left" | Responding to Japanese invitation; congratulations on victory in Siege of Osaka; repatriation of prisoners.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Dongsasang illok (Daily Records of Mission to Japan) by Oh Yun-gyeom; Dongsa ilgi (Diary of Mission to Japan) by Bak Jae; and Busangnok (Journal of Travel to Japan) by Yi Gyeong-jik.

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|1624

|Injo

|Chŏng IpToby, p. 70.

|Tokugawa Iemitsu

|align="left" | Responding to Japanese invitation; congratulations on succession of shōgun Iemitsu; repatriation of prisoners.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Dongsarok (Record of Mission to Japan) by Kang Hong-jung.

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|1636

|Injo

|Im KwangToby, p. 205–207; Titsingh, p. 411; n.b., the name Nin kwô is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Jin kuang is a pre-McCune–Reischauer, Korean romanization devised by Julius Klaproth and Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat in 1834.

|Tokugawa Iemitsu

|align="left" | Celebrating prosperity.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Byeongja ilbon ilgi (Diary of Travel to Japan in 1636) by Im Gwang; Haesarok by Kim Seryeom; and Dongsarok by Hwang Ho.

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|1643

|Injo

|Yun SunjiToby, p. 105; Titsingh, p. 412; n.b., the name Inzioun si is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

|Tokugawa Iemitsu

|align="left" | Celebrating birthday of shōgun Iemitsu.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Dongsarok by Jo Gyeong; Haesarok by Sin Yu; and Gyemi dongsarok (Records of 1643 Mission to Japan) by an unidentified writer.

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|1655

|Hyojong

|Cho HyŏngWalraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 413; n.b., the name Tcho ying is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao hing is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

|Tokugawa Ietsuna

|align="left" | Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Ietsuna.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Busang ilgi (Diary of Travel to Japan) by Jogyeong; and Busangnok by Nam Yong-ik.

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|1682

|Sukjong

|Yun JiwanCultural Heritage Administration, [http://jikimi.cha.go.kr/unisearch/popup/ECulresult_Db_desc.jsp?VdkVgwKey=23,00170000,21 Name of Cultural Properties, Yakjojechalbi (Stele of agreement)], 2006.

|Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

|align="left" | Congratulions on the succession of shōgun Tsunayoshi.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Dongsa illok (Daily Records of Travel to Japan) by Kim Jinam; and Dongsarok by Hong U-jae.

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|1711

|Sukjong

|Jo Tae-eokKim, Tae-Jun. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ecijowh6ptwC&pg=PA119 Korean Travel Literature. p. 119]; Walraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 416; n.b., the name Tota Yokf is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao ta ỹ is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

|Tokugawa Ienobu

|align="left" | Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Ienobu.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Dongsarok by Jo Tae-eok; Dongsarok by Kim Hyeon-mun; and Dongsarok by Im Su-gan.

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|1719

|Sukjong

|Hong Ch'ijungWalraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 417; n.b., the name Kô tsi tsiou is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Hong tschi tchoung is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

|Tokugawa Yoshimune

|align="left" | Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Yoshimune.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Haesa illok (Daily Records of Overseas Mission) by Hong Chi-jung; Haeyurok (Records of Sea Voyage) by Shin Yu-han; Busang gihaeng (Journal of Travel to Japan) by Jeong Hu-gyo; and Busangnok by Kim Heup.

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|1748

|Yeongjo

|Hong KyehŭiWalraven, p. 361; Titsingh, p. 418; n.b., the name Tcho ying is a pre-Hepburn Japanese transliteration and Tchao hing is a pre-McCune–Reischauer Korean romanization devised by Klaproth et al. in 1834.

|Tokugawa Ieshige

|align="left" | Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Ieshige.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Bongsa ilbon si mun gyeonnik (Observation of the Janpanese Culture) by Jo Myeong-chae; Susa illok (Daily Records of Observations) by Hong Gyeong-hae; and Ilbon ilgi (Diary in Japan) by an unidentified writer.

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|1764

|Yeongjo

|Jo Eom염정섭 (Yeom Jeong-Seop). [http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=1191166 조선 후기 고구마의 도입과 재배법의 정리 과정 ("The Introduction of Sweet Potatoes and the Development of Cultivation Methods during Late Joseon Korea")], 韩国史硏究 No. 134, January 2006. pp. 111–147.

|Tokugawa Ieharu

|align="left" | Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Ieharu.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Haesa ilgi (Diary of Overseas Mission) by Jo Eom; Gyemi sahaeng ilgi (Diary of 1764 Mission to Japan) by Oh Dae-ryeong; and Ilbonnok (Record of Japan) by Seong Dae-jung.

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|1811

|Sunjo

|Kim Igyo

|Tokugawa Ienari

|align="left" | Congratulations on the succession of shōgun Ienari.Northeast Asia History Foundation: [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 Korea-Japan relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=October 28, 2009 }} citing Dongsarok by Yusang-pil; and Doyurok (Record of Voyage to Japan) by Kim Cheong-san.

align="center"

=1607=

In the 40th year of the reign of King Seonjo of Joseon, representatives of the Joseon court were dispatched to Japan. This diplomatic mission functioned to the advantage of both the Japanese and the Koreans as a channel for developing a political foundation for trade.Walker, [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/609/1/V10N2Walker.pdf p. 48]; Guilliaume, Xavier. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B6_5gb3W1SsC&dq=envoy+joseon+japan&pg=PA85 "Misdirected Understanding: Narrative Matrices in the Japanese Politics of Alterity toward the West", pp. 85–116] in Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien. This embassy traveled to Edo for an audience with shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada in the 12th year of Keicho, according to the Japanese era name in use at this time. Yŏ Ugil was the chief Joseon envoy; and there was 467 others accompanying him.

=1617=

In the 9th year of the reign of King Gwanghaegun of Joseon, the Joseon court dispatched a mission to Edo; but the embassy travelled only as far as Kyoto. The delegation was received by shōgun Hidetada at Fushimi CastleToby, p. 105 n16. in the 3rd year of Genna, as the Japanese reckoned time. The chief envoy was O Yun'gyŏm and there were 428 others in his party.

=1624=

In the 2nd year of the reign of King Injo of Joseon, a delegation was sent to Edo with Chŏng Ip as its chief envoy. The size of this diplomatic numbered 460. shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu received the ambassador in Edo.Toby, p. 70. The Joseon embassy was considered a significant event in the 1st year of Kan'ei, according to the Japanese calendar,

=1636=

In the 14th year of King Injo's reign, a diplomatic mission (the first to be titled tongsinsa since the severing of relations in 1592,Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&pg=RA1-PA21 Frontier contact between Chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan, pp. 21–24.] thus formally indicating full normalization of relations) was sent to Japan. The ambassador of the Joseon king was Im Kwang; and he was accompanied by 478 others. According to the Japanese calendar, the mission reached Japan in 1635 (Kan'ei 13, 12th month).Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des emperors du japon, p. 411. This mission to the court of shōgun Iemitsu in Edo also encompassed a pilgrimage to the first shogun's mausoleum at Nikkō.Toby, p. 105 n16; Walker, [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/609/1/V10N2Walker.pdf p. 50.] The grand procession of the shogun, which included the large Joseon contingent, travelled from Edo to Nikko in the 4th month of the 14th year of Kan'ei.

=1643=

In the 21st year of King Injo's reign, a mission to Edo was led by Yun Sunji.Toby, p. 105; Titsingh, p. 412. The size of the Joseon delegation was 477. The delegation arrived at the shogunal court in Edo on the 20th year of Kan'ei, as reckoned by the Japanese calendar.Titsingh, p. 412. This delegation was received in the court of shōgun Iemitsu; and they also completed a visit to shōgun Ieaysu's mausoleum at Nikkō.

=1655=

File:Joseon Tongsinsa 1655 (2).jpg, 1618–1694]]

In the 6th year of the reign of King Hyojong of Joseon, the Joseon court sent a mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ietsuna. This mission arrived in Japan during the 1st year of Meireki, according to in the Japanese dating system.Titsingh, p. 413. Cho Hyŏng was the chief envoy of the Joseon embassy, and his retinue numbered 485. After the embassy was received in the shogunate court at Edo; and the delegation proceeded the Tōshō-gū at Nikkō.

=1682=

In the 8th year of the reign of King Sukjong of Joseon, a diplomatic mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi was dispatched from the Joseon court. Yun Jiwan was the chief emissary; and he was accompanied by 473 others, traveling to Edo during the 2nd year of Tenna according to the Japanese calendar.

=1711=

In the 37th year King Sukjong's reign, an envoy was sent to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ienobu. This embassy arrived in the 1st year of Shōtoku, according to the Japanese calendar.Titsingh, p. 416. Jo Tae-eok was the chief envoy of this diplomatic embassy; and the size of his delegation numbered 500.

=1719=

In the 45th year of King Sukjong's reign, an embassy was dispatched to Japan. The Joseon envoy and his party arrived in Japan in the 10th month of the 4th year of Kyōhō, as reckoned by the Japanese calendar in use at that time.Titsingh, p. 417. King Sukjong sent Hong Ch'ijung with a retinue of 475. The Joseon ambassador was granted an audience with shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune.

=1748=

File:Chōsen Tsūshin-shi Raichō-zu.jpg procession through the streets of Edo in 1748 is entitled Chosenjin Ukie by Hanegawa Tōei, c. 1748.]]

In the 24th year of the reign of King Yeongjo of Joseon, the Joseon court sent a diplomatic mission to Japan. The Joseon envoy and his retinue arrived in Edo in the 1st year of Kan'en, according to the Japanese calendar.Titsingh, p. 418. The chief envoy of this Joseon delegation was Hong Kyehŭi; and he was accompanied by 475 others.

=1764=

In the 40th year of King Yeongjo's reign, a diplomatic envoy was dispatched to Japan. This mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ieharu arrived in the shogunal capital the 1st year of Meiwa, as reckoned by the Japanese calendar.Titsingh, p. 419. Jo Eom was the chief envoy in 1764;Walraven, p. 359. and 477 traveled with him. The renowned Edo period poet Fukuda Chiyo-ni was chosen to prepare the official Japanese gift presented to the Korean Delegation, and she crafted and delivered 21 artworks based on her 21 haiku.{{Cite web |url=http://haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/english/about/ |title=haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp |access-date=January 2, 2018 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026222610/http://haikukan.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/english/about/ |url-status=dead }} This ambassador is important historical figure because he is credited with introducing sweet potatoes as a food crop in Korea.Kim, Jinwung. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255 A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to States in Conflict, p. 255]. The "new" food staple was encountered during the course of this diplomatic mission.Wiwŏnhoe, p. 305.

=1811=

In the 11th year of the reign of King Sunjo of Joseon, the king sent a mission to the shogunal court of Tokugawa Ienari. The embassy did not travel any further than Tsushima. The representatives of shōgun Ienari met the mission on the island which is located in the middle of the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu. The chief envoy of this mission was Kim Igyo; and there were 336 in his retinue.

Joseon-Japan diplomacy adapting

Joseon-Japanese bilateral relations were affected by the increasing numbers of international contacts which required adaptation and a new kind of diplomacy.Kang, Woong Joe. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRAPN6SZqKUC&pg=PA38 Struggle for Identity, pp. 38–78.] Japan's Sakoku period ("closed country") ended in 1854, altering all regional relations for Japan.W. G. Beasley, The Meiji Restoration, {{ISBN|978-1503608269}}

=1876=

The Korea-Japan Treaty of 1876 marked the beginning of a new phase in bilateral relations.

See also

Notes

{{reflist|40em}}

References

{{refbegin}}

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  • Ferris, William Wayne. (2009). Japan to 1600: a Social and Economic History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-3379-4}}
  • Hall, John Whitney. (1997). The Cambridge History of Japan: Early Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-22355-3}}; {{OCLC|174552485}}
  • {{in lang|ko}} 한일관계사연구논집편찬위원회. (2005). 통신사・왜관과한일관계 (Han Il kwangyesa yŏngu nonjip, Vol. 6). 경인문화사. {{ISBN|978-89-499-0308-8}}.
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  • Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-312-17370-8}}; {{OCLC|243874305}}
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  • Lee, Sang Oak and Duk-Soo Park. (1998). Perspectives on Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-9586526-6-7}}; {{OCLC|40261047}}
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  • {{cite book |title=일동 장유가 |trans-title=Ildong Jangyuga | last=Kim |first=In-gyeom (김인겸) |publisher=Bogosa(보고사)|year=2007 |isbn=978-8984335875}} Travel poetry written by an attendant of the Joseon mission to Japan.

{{refend}}