Josh Phillips (murderer)

{{Infobox criminal

| image_name = Joshua Phillips.jpg

| image_size =

| image_caption = Phillips in 2009

| conviction_penalty = Life imprisonment without parole (eligible for re-sentencing in 2023)

| conviction_status = Incarcerated at the Cross City Correctional Institution

| birth_name = Joshua Earl Patrick Phillips

| name = Josh Phillips

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|3|17|mf=y}}

| birth_place = Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.

| motive = To end the victim's crying, and to avoid punishment from his father.

| victims = Maddie Clifton

| date = November 3, 1998

| locations = Jacksonville, Florida

| weapons = Baseball bat, knife

| apprehended = November 10, 1998

}}

Joshua Earl Patrick Phillips (born March 17, 1984) is an American man who was convicted of murder as a child. In November 1998, when he was 14 years old, Phillips killed Madelyn Rae Clifton (June 17, 1990 {{ndash}} November 3, 1998), his 8-year-old friend and neighbor. The following year, he was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Phillips stated that he killed Clifton to stop her from crying after she was accidentally struck with a baseball while they were playing, and that he feared punishment from his abusive father. Although elements of Phillips's story are disputed, officials who were involved in his prosecution have subsequently expressed contrition over the severity of his sentence. In 2017, Phillips was re-sentenced to life in prison on appeal, but he has been eligible for re-sentencing as of 2023.

Early life

Phillips was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 1984, to Steve and Melissa Phillips. Steve, a drug addict and alcoholic, was violent towards Phillips and Melissa, who both reported living in fear of him. Steve imposed strict rules on his son,{{cite AV media |publisher=E! |date=2010 |title=Too Young to Kill: 15 Shocking Crimes |medium=documentary}} got angry if he had other children in the house when he was not present, and particularly disliked young girls; Melissa said she never understood why her husband disliked girls. Eventually, Steve decided to relocate the family from Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania to Florida, separating Phillips from his half-brothers Daniel and Benjie.{{cite web |url=https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/brother-of-convicted-murderer-talks-of-tragedy-chance-for-reduced-sentence/77-464100341 |title=Brother of convicted murderer talks of tragedy, chance for reduced sentence |last=Valin |first=Jeff |date=August 13, 2017 |work=First Coast News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220801063616/https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/brother-of-convicted-murderer-talks-of-tragedy-chance-for-reduced-sentence/77-464100341 |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |url-status=live}}

In November 1998, Phillips was 14 years old and living with his family in Jacksonville, Florida. Neighbors described Phillips as "quiet and friendly". Phillips had no arrests or history of violence prior to the murder. His school teacher said he was a popular student who did not stand out, describing him as fun and silly.

Phillips and Clifton were friends and playmates.{{cite AV media |date=1999 |title=Why Did Josh Kill? |format= |work=48 Hours |type=Television episode |time=00:06 and 18:50}}{{cite web |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/crime/2017/11/17/judge-decides-life-sentence-warranted-joshua-phillips-maddie-clifton-s/15779881007/ |title=Judge decides life sentence is warranted for Joshua Phillips in Maddie Clifton's shocking death |last=Kelley |first=Eileen |date=17 November 2017 |work=The Florida Times-Union |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528053057/https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/crime/2017/11/17/judge-decides-life-sentence-warranted-joshua-phillips-maddie-clifton-s/15779881007/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |url-status=live}} Clifton's mother, Sheila, confirmed the friendship, and said she never had any reason to be afraid of Phillips, and Clifton's father, Steve, said his daughter enjoyed playing with Phillips.{{cite AV media |date=1999 |title=Why Did Josh Kill? |format= |work=48 Hours |type=Television episode |time=20:30 |quote=Interviewer: Did Maddie and Josh hit it off? Did they like each other? Sheila Clifton: Yeah. Steve Clifton: Yeah, I know Maddie enjoyed playing with Josh.}} Clifton's sister Jessie, who also used to play with Phillips, described him prior to the murder as "a pretty decent kid".{{cite AV media |date=1999 |title=Why Did Josh Kill? |format= |work=48 Hours |type=Television episode |time=21:40 |quote=Interviewer: Jessica, did you ever play with Josh? Jessie Clifton: Yes, whenever he came outside to play. Interviewer: What kind of kid did Josh seem to be to you? Jessie Clifton: He was a pretty decent kid. He dressed fine, he acted fine. Interviewer: Nothing unusual? Jessie Clifton: Nothing unusual.}} A year before the murder, Phillips was making a home video in his front yard when Jessie and Clifton came over to his house to visit. The video shows the two sisters being friendly with Phillips and playing with his dog.{{cite AV media |date=1999 |title=Why Did Josh Kill? |format= |work=48 Hours |type=Television episode |time=20:20}}

Murder of Maddie Clifton

According to Phillips, on November 3, 1998, he was home alone when Clifton, who lived across the road from the Phillips, came to his house asking him to come outside and play baseball. Phillips agreed, even though he was not allowed to have friends over while his parents were not home. As the two were playing baseball, Phillips accidentally hit the ball into Clifton's eye, causing her to bleed, cry, and scream. Phillips panicked, knowing his father would be home soon and fearing his reaction. Phillips dragged Clifton into his house, saying that the clothing came off Clifton's lower body as he did so. He hit her with the baseball bat to stop her from screaming before putting her under the base of his bed. When Steve returned home, Phillips interacted with him for a period of time before returning to his room. When Phillips discovered that Clifton was still alive and moaning under his bed, he removed the mattress, cut her throat, and stabbed her in the chest seven times with the knife from a Leatherman tool, killing her.

Clifton's disappearance was reported around 5:00{{nbsp}}pm that day. Police and volunteers searched for Clifton for six days; Phillips participated in the search. He later stated he spent the following week living in denial, saying, "I was putting myself in a fantasy world that nothing had happened. That was my defense mechanism for everything when I was a kid. I never made the decision{{nbsp}}... to ignore it. I just did."

On November 10, Melissa Phillips went into her son's room and noticed a wet spot on the floor. She searched the room and found Clifton's body, immediately leaving the house to report the incident to the police. Phillips was arrested later that day at his school and confessed to the murder within hours.

Prosecutors disputed some parts of Phillips' story. State Attorney Harry Shorstein suggested the murder may have been sexually motivated, saying that Phillips had talked about sexual matters with both Clifton and her older sister, Jessie. The autopsy found no evidence of sexual assault, though prosecutors argued the lack of dirt and sand on Clifton's body did not support Phillips' assertion that her clothes came off as he dragged her into his room.{{cite web |url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/Boy-Grows-Up-In-Prison-After-Killing-Young-Neighbor/2063134 |title=Boy Grows Up In Prison After Killing Young Neighbor |date=October 30, 2008 |work=WJXT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121310/https://www.news4jax.com/news/boy-grows-up-in-prison-after-killing-young-neighbor |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=dead}} Prosecutors also noted that no blood was found in the backyard, or on the baseball that Phillips said he had struck Clifton with, and argued that this did not support his version of events.

Trial

Phillips was tried as an adult. The trial was moved from Duval County, Florida, to Polk County over concerns about the publicity in Jacksonville. Phillips's lawyer, Richard D. Nichols, did not call a single witness for the defense, a move the prosecutors later said was a surprising and risky strategy. Nichols intended to base much of the defense on a closing argument to the jury, where he stated Clifton's death was "an act that began as an accident and deteriorated through panic that bordered on madness". According to Phillips, Nichols never attempted to question him over the events of the murder, and only played chess with him when visiting him in jail prior to the trial. Melissa Phillips disagreed with Nichols's strategy, though Steve insisted on letting the lawyer do as he pleased. Nichols discouraged Phillips' parents from allowing him to testify. Accordingly, Phillips never spoke during his trial.{{cite web |url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/110208/met_350857746.shtml |title=The Maddie Clifton Saga Her killer fights back tears when asked about Maddie and her family |last=Pinkham |first=Paul |work=The Florida Times-Union |date=November 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624214138/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/110208/met_350857746.shtml |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=June 23, 2013 }}

The trial started on July 6, 1999, and lasted only two days, an unusually short time due to the defense calling no witnesses. Jurors took just over two hours to convict Phillips of first-degree murder.{{cite news |date=July 9, 1999 |title=Teen guilty of killing girl, hiding her in bed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78585107/phillips-trial/ |work=Tampa Bay Times |page=38}} He was later sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole; he was not eligible for the death penalty, as he was under 16.

During the trial the defense attempted to introduce scans from a neurologist showing bilateral lesions on the frontal lobe of Phillips' brain, which are associated with panic and impaired judgement, while the prosecution wanted to discuss evidence Phillips had looked at pornography on his computer. The judge, however, ruled both pieces of evidence inadmissible.{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/chilling-case-joshua-phillips-how-12023530 |title=The chilling case of Joshua Phillips and how the teen murderer was finally caught as his story airs on Children Who Kill |last=Kindon |first=Frances |date=February 15, 2018 |work=Daily Mirror |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127095016/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/chilling-case-joshua-phillips-how-12023530 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}

Life in prison

Phillips completed his General Educational Development in prison, although he was initially told he was too young to do it, and later took college classes by correspondence. Phillips works as a paralegal in prison, assisting other inmates with their appeals, and also works as a tutor for inmates.{{cite web |url=https://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/local/maddie-cliftons-killer-in-court-for-the-first-time-in-18-years/584342731/ |title=Maddie Clifton's killer in court for the first time in 18 years |date=August 7, 2012 |work=WJAX-TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125161913/https://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/local/maddie-cliftons-killer-in-court-for-the-first-time-in-18-years/584342731/ |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |url-status=dead}} He also plays guitar in a band, and participates in Christian religious services, zazen and yoga. During his 2017 appeal, the prosecution acknowledged that Phillips had been a model prisoner.{{cite AV media |date=2018 |title=Children Who Kill with Susanna Reid |medium=Documentary |quote=Prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda: He has been a model prisoner, I'll give him that.}}

As of 2008, Phillips declined to write a letter of apology to Clifton's family, saying they deserved an apology from him in person, as they would not be able to see his sincerity in a letter. Clifton's mother subsequently stated she had no interest in talking to Phillips. As of 2024, Phillips is imprisoned in the Cross City Correctional Institution.{{cite web |url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/offenderSearch/detail.aspx?Page=Detail&DCNumber=J11775&TypeSearch=AI |title=Corrections Offender Network |author= |website=Florida Department of Corrections |access-date=November 13, 2021}}

On June 27, 2000, Steve Phillips was killed in a car accident.{{cite web |url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/062800/met_phillips.html#.VruyQ_7JC70 |title=Josh Phillips' father killed in wreck |first1=Jim |last1=Schoettler |first2=Kathleen |last2=Sweeney |work=The Florida Times-Union |date=June 28, 2000 |access-date=February 10, 2016|archive-date=October 28, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001028210629/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/062800/met_phillips.html |url-status=dead}}

Appeals

{{quote box|width=30%|quote="I know some people thought [the original] sentence was appropriate, but that was a tough sentence for someone that young. I never got the feeling that it was a malicious, mean-spirited, calculated murder. It was kind of an impulsive act that, given a different set of circumstances, would never have happened."|source=Sheriff Nat Glover, who originally advocated for Phillips's life-sentence, commenting in 2008}}

In 2002, the Florida Second District Court of Appeal upheld Phillips's conviction.{{cite web |url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/1223416/detail.html |title=Conviction, Sentence Upheld For Maddie's Killer |date=February 6, 2002 |work=WJXT |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110524085850/http://www.news4jax.com/news/1223416/detail.html |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 20, 2008 }} In December 2004, Melissa Phillips began to seek a new trial for her son, stating his young age at the time of the murder should have carried more weight in his sentence.{{cite web |url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/5487597/detail.html |title=Mother Of Convicted Killer Wants New Trial For Son |work=WJXT |access-date=October 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151940/http://www.news4jax.com/news/5487597/detail.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/4002159/detail.html |title=New Trial Sought In 1998 Slaying Of Maddie Clifton |work=WJXT |access-date=October 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151951/http://www.news4jax.com/news/4002159/detail.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011}} In November 2005, the Supreme Court of Florida set a hearing for the following month to discuss whether Phillips should receive a new trial.{{cite web |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/2005/11/10/hearing-set-on-retrial-of-maddie-clifton-murder/ |title=Hearing Set On Retrial Of Maddie Clifton Murder |date=November 10, 2005 |work=WJXT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213092059/https://www.news4jax.com/news/2005/11/10/hearing-set-on-retrial-of-maddie-clifton-murder/ |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}

In 2008, two of the officials most responsible for Phillips's life sentence, Harry Shorstein and Sheriff Nat Glover, admitted having second thoughts about giving a life sentence without the possibility of parole to a 14-year-old. Shorstein said he regretted not offering Phillips a second-degree murder plea, which would have given the judge more discretion in sentencing, and has voiced his support for eventual clemency or parole for Phillips.

In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States case of Miller v. Alabama ruled that sentencing juveniles to mandatory life in prison without parole is unconstitutional.{{cite web |title=Supreme Court ruling affects child killer's sentence |url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/Supreme-Court-ruling-affects-child-killer-s-sentence/-/475880/15229906/-/g82mtkz/-/index.html |work=WJXT |date=June 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121312/https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/supreme-court-ruling-affects-child-killers-sentence_20151114183728294 |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=dead}} In November 2015, Phillips' attorneys were considering Miller v. Alabama as a basis to file a re-sentencing hearing.{{cite web |title=Maddie Clifton's family worries her killer could be set free |url=http://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/news/local/status-hearing-held-man-convicted-1998-death-maddi/npFR5/ |first=Samantha |last=Manning |work=WJAX-TV |date=November 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121320/https://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/local/status-hearing-held-man-convicted-1998-death-maddi/26802809 |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=dead}} In September 2016, Phillips' attorneys successfully appealed the court, and he was granted a new sentencing hearing,{{cite web|title=Maddie Clifton's killer to be resentenced in February |url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/maddie-cliftons-killer-to-be-resentenced-in-february |work=WJXT |date=September 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805113556/https://www.news4jax.com/news/2016/09/08/maddie-cliftons-killer-to-be-resentenced-in-february/ |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |url-status=live}} which was held in June 2017.{{cite web |title=Resentencing of inmate convicted of murder at 14 delayed |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/2017/01/19/resentencing-of-inmate-convicted-of-murder-at-14-delayed/ |work=WJXT |date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023140/https://www.news4jax.com/news/2017/01/19/resentencing-of-inmate-convicted-of-murder-at-14-delayed/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/news/public-safety/2017-03-15/joshua-phillips-due-new-sentencing-hearing-june-maddie-clifton-case |title=Joshua Phillips due for new sentencing hearing in June for Maddie Clifton case |last=Kelly |first=Eileen |date=March 15, 2017 |work=The Florida Times-Union |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024100206/https://www.jacksonville.com/news/public-safety/2017-03-15/joshua-phillips-due-new-sentencing-hearing-june-maddie-clifton-case |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |url-status=live}} At the hearing, Clifton's mother requested that his sentence be upheld. In November 2017, Phillips was re-sentenced to life in prison, but is eligible for re-sentencing again in 2023.{{cite web |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/2017/08/10/after-4-day-hearing-josh-phillips-returning-to-prison/ |title=After 4-day hearing, Josh Phillips returning to prison |last=Parenteau |first=Chris |date=August 10, 2017 |work=WJXT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121249/https://www.news4jax.com/news/final-day-of-josh-phillips-resentencing-in-maddie-clifton-murder |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=live}} In December 2019, the Florida First District Court of Appeal upheld the life sentence, saying it will be reviewed again and could be modified in 2023 "based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation."{{cite web |url=https://www.1dca.org/content/download/626134/opinion/175383_DC05_12172019_135542_i.pdf |title=No. 1D17-5383 |date=December 17, 2019 |work=Florida First District Court of Appeal |access-date=February 14, 2021}} Phillips subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court of Florida, who turned down his request in June 2020. As is customary, they did not explain their reasons for declining to hear the case.{{cite web |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/2020/06/23/justices-turn-down-appeal-by-maddie-cliftons-killer/ |title=Justices turn down appeal in murder of Maddie Clifton |date=June 22, 2020 |work=WJXT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204233416/https://www.news4jax.com/news/2020/06/23/justices-turn-down-appeal-by-maddie-cliftons-killer/ |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |url-status=live}}

In the media

In 1999, the murder was the subject of a documentary on 48 Hours titled "Why Did Josh Kill?"{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-josh-kill/ |title=Why Did Josh Kill?, When A 'Good' Kid Commits A Brutal Crime |work=CBS News |date=October 7, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701182521/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-josh-kill/ |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/100799/enc_S1007pat.html |title=Maddie Clifton story examined on '48 Hours' |last=Patton |first=Charlie |work=The Florida Times-Union |date=October 7, 1999 |archive-date=October 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021211046/http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/100799/enc_S1007pat.html |url-status=dead |access-date=May 19, 2008 }} The murder was featured on the season 2 premiere of Killer Kids in 2012. In 2018, Phillips was interviewed by British journalist Susanna Reid for the ITV documentary Children Who Kill.{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/children-who-kill-susanna-reid-meets-notorious-us-criminal-joshua-phillips-a3767896.html |title=Children Who Kill: Susanna Reid meets notorious US criminal Joshua Phillips |last=Earle |first=Toby |date=February 15, 2018 |work=Evening Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213084848/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/children-who-kill-susanna-reid-meets-notorious-us-criminal-joshua-phillips-a3767896.html |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |url-status=live}} That same year, the murder and Phillips's trial were featured on an episode of the podcast Sword and Scale.{{cite web |url=https://www.swordandscale.com/sword-and-scale-episode-112/ |title=Sword and Scale Episode 112 |date=April 14, 2018 |work=Sword and Scale |access-date=February 13, 2021}} The murder and Phillips's appeal were featured in two episodes of Morbid: A True Crime Podcast, released in 2019 and 2020 respectively.{{Cite web|title=Morbid: A True Crime Podcast: Episode 80: The Murder of Maddie Clifton "Mini" Morbid on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-80-the-murder-of-maddie-clifton-mini-morbid/id1379959217?i=1000444385512 |access-date=February 13, 2021 |work=Apple Podcasts }}