Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper

File:JIRAM instrument Juno arrival press kit 01072016 223752.jpg

File:PIA21033 Juno's View of Jupiter's Southern Lights.jpg

File:Jupiter equatorial hot spot.jpg

Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) is an instrument on the Juno spacecraft in orbit of the planet Jupiter. It is an image spectrometer and was contributed by Italy.{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_JIRAM.html |title=Juno - Spacecraft: Instruments - JIRAM |access-date=2016-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211543/http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_JIRAM.html |archive-date=2016-02-04 }} Similar instruments are on ESA Rosetta, Venus Express, and Cassini-Huygens missions. The primary goal of JIRAM is to probe the upper layers of Jupiter's atmosphere down to pressures of 5–7 bars (72–102 pound/square inch) at infrared wavelengths in the 2–5 μm interval using an imager and a spectrometer. The Jupiter's atmosphere and auroral regions are targeted for study.{{cite journal|title=JIRAM, the image spectrometer in the near infrared on board the Juno mission to Jupiter.|date=2015-09-28 |pmid=18680411 | doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0167 |volume=8 |issue=3 |journal=Astrobiology |pages=613–22 | last1 = Adriani | first1 = A | last2 = Coradini | first2 = A | last3 = Filacchione | first3 = G | last4 = Lunine | first4 = JI | last5 = Bini | first5 = A | last6 = Pasqui | first6 = C | last7 = Calamai | first7 = L | last8 = Colosimo | first8 = F | last9 = Dinelli | first9 = BM | last10 = Grassi | first10 = D | last11 = Magni | first11 = G | last12 = Moriconi | first12 = ML | last13 = Orosei | first13 = R| bibcode = 2008AsBio...8..613A }} In particular it has been designed to study the dynamics and chemistry in the atmosphere, perhaps determining the how Jovian hot spots form.{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=Alberto|last2=Coradini|first2=Angioletta|last3=Filacchione|first3=Gianrico|last4=Lunine|first4=Jonathan I.|last5=Bini|first5=Alessandro|last6=Pasqui|first6=Claudio|last7=Calamai|first7=Luciano|last8=Colosimo|first8=Fedele|last9=Dinelli|first9=Bianca M.|date=2008-06-01|title=JIRAM, the image spectrometer in the near infrared on board the Juno mission to Jupiter|journal=Astrobiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=613–622|doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0167|issn=1557-8070|pmid=18680411|bibcode=2008AsBio...8..613A}}

{{chem|H|3|+}} ions, ammonia, and phosphine can be mapped.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HIrh-9o2CkC&pg=PA352|author=P. Irwin|title=Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure|date=2009|page=352|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783540851585}} The ion of Hydrogen {{chem|H|3|+}} is rare on Earth, but is one of the most common ions in the universe and known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.{{cite journal

|last=Carrington|first=Alan|author2=R. McNab, Iain

|title=The infrared predissociation spectrum of triatomic hydrogen cation (H₃⁺)

|journal=Accounts of Chemical Research

|date=1989|volume=22|issue=6|pages=218–222

|doi=10.1021/ar00162a004}}

Despite the intense magnetosphere of Jupiter, the JIRAM is expected to be operational for at least the first eight orbits.{{cite web|title = Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton| url = http://www.universetoday.com/123711/understanding-junos-orbit-interview-nasas-scott-bolton/ |website = Universe Today| access-date = 6 February 2016| date = 2016-01-08 }}

Previously Jupiter was observed by an Infrared imaging spectrometer called NIMS (Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer) on the Galileo Jupiter orbiter.{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/about-jiram/|title=About Jiram {{!}} INAF-IAPS|website=www.iaps.inaf.it|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809174710/http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/about-jiram/|archive-date=2016-08-09|url-status=dead}} JIRAM was used to observe Earth during its flyby en route to Jupiter.{{Cite journal|url=http://www.isac.cnr.it/en/content/juno%E2%80%99s-earth-flyby-jovian-infrared-auroral-mapper-preliminary-results|title=Juno's Earth flyby: the Jovian infrared Auroral Mapper preliminary results {{!}} ISAC - CNR|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|volume=361|issue=8|pages=272|access-date=2017-02-07|doi=10.1007/s10509-016-2842-9|year=2016|last1=Adriani|first1=A.|last2=Moriconi|first2=M. L.|last3=Mura|first3=A.|last4=Tosi|first4=F.|last5=Sindoni|first5=G.|last6=Noschese|first6=R.|last7=Cicchetti|first7=A.|last8=Filacchione|first8=G.|bibcode=2016Ap&SS.361..272A|s2cid=125056540|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135350/http://www.isac.cnr.it/en/content/juno%E2%80%99s-earth-flyby-jovian-infrared-auroral-mapper-preliminary-results|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}} These observations were used to help calibrate the instrument, and the lunar observations were actually a critical planned step in preparing the instrument for observations at Jupiter.{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=A.|last2=Moriconi|first2=M. L.|last3=Mura|first3=A.|last4=Tosi|first4=F.|last5=Sindoni|first5=G.|last6=Noschese|first6=R.|last7=Cicchetti|first7=A.|last8=Filacchione|first8=G.|date=2016-08-01|title=Juno's Earth flyby: the Jovian infrared Auroral Mapper preliminary results|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|volume=361|issue=8|pages=272|doi=10.1007/s10509-016-2842-9|issn=0004-640X|bibcode=2016Ap&SS.361..272A|s2cid=125056540}} The polar orbit of the Juno mission permits to get unprecedented observations of the planet. In particular, the polar regions, that where never observed before Juno, can be observed with high spatial resolution.

On August 27, 2016, JIRAM observed Jupiter at infrared wavelengths.{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA21036|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909055106/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA21036|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-09-09|title=Juno Captures Jupiter's Glow in Infrared Light|website=www.jpl.nasa.gov|access-date=2017-02-07}} The first science observation in space was conducted on Earth's Moon in October 2013.{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=A.|last2=Moriconi|first2=M. L.|last3=Mura|first3=A.|last4=Tosi|first4=F.|last5=Sindoni|first5=G.|last6=Noschese|first6=R.|last7=Cicchetti|first7=A.|last8=Filacchione|first8=G.|date=2016-07-19|title=Juno's Earth flyby: the Jovian infrared Auroral Mapper preliminary results|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|language=en|volume=361|issue=8|pages=272|doi=10.1007/s10509-016-2842-9|issn=0004-640X|bibcode=2016Ap&SS.361..272A|s2cid=125056540}}

The JIRAM project was started by Professor Angioletta Coradini, however she died in 2011.{{Cite journal|last1=Adriani|first1=Alberto|last2=Filacchione|first2=Gianrico|last3=Iorio|first3=Tatiana Di|last4=Turrini|first4=Diego|last5=Noschese|first5=Raffaella|last6=Cicchetti|first6=Andrea|last7=Grassi|first7=Davide|last8=Mura|first8=Alessandro|last9=Sindoni|first9=Giuseppe|date=2014-10-01|title=JIRAM, the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper|journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=213|issue=1–4|language=en|pages=393–446|doi=10.1007/s11214-014-0094-y|issn=0038-6308|bibcode=2017SSRv..213..393A|s2cid=11739752}} The instrument was developed from Leonardo under the directions and supervision of the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetogy (IAPS) which is part of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics and was funded by the Italian Space Agency.{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/jiram-team/|title=Jiram team {{!}} INAF-IAPS|website=www.iaps.inaf.it|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-date=2017-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208040331/http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/jiram-team/|url-status=dead}} Dr. Alberto Adriani of IAPS is presently the responsible of the JIRAM project.

In March 2018, results from JIRAM were released showing both the North and south poles have a central cyclone surrounded by addition cyclones.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly|title=NASA Juno Findings - Jupiter's Jet-Streams Are Unearthly|last=Greicius|first=Tony|date=2018-03-07|work=NASA|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en|archive-date=2020-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110153427/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly/|url-status=dead}} The north cycle was surrounded by 8 cyclones, while the southern cyclone was surrounded by five. By this time Juno had completed 10 close passes for science observations, since arriving in Jupiter's orbit on July 4, 2016. The first science pass occurred on August 28, 2016, and JIRAM was operated during that pass.{{Cite news|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-blogs/astronomy-space-david-dickinson/juno-makes-its-first-jupiter-pass/|title=Juno Makes First Science Pass at Jupiter - Sky & Telescope|date=2016-09-05|work=Sky & Telescope|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en-US}}

Various results, including a 3-D movie a flyover of the north pole of Jupiter with JIRAM data were released at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in April 2018.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7096|title=NASA's Juno Mission Provides Infrared Tour of Jupiter's North Pole|website=NASA/JPL|access-date=2018-12-26}}

JIRAM's spin-compensation mirror has been stuck since PJ44, but the instrument is operational.{{cite web |last1=Rogers |first1=John |title=JunoCam at PJ57: Part I: Io |url=https://britastro.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Report-on-PJ57_Io.pdf |website=britastro.org |access-date=2 April 2024}}