Juan O'Gorman

{{Infobox artist

| name = Juan O'Gorman

| image = Juan O'Gorman.jpg

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption =

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|7|6|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Coyoacán, Mexico

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|1|17|1905|7|6|df=yes}}

| death_place = Mexico City, Mexico

| spouse =

| field =

| training = Academy of San Carlos
Art and Architecture School at National Autonomous University of Mexico

| movement = Functionalism, Mexican muralism

| works =

| patrons = Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo

| influenced =

| awards =

| elected =

}}

Juan O'Gorman (6 July 1905 – 17 January 1982) was a Mexican painter and architect.{{Cite web|title=Juan O'Gorman {{!}} Mexican architect and muralist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juan-OGorman|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}

Early life and family

Juan O'Gorman was born on 6 July 1905 in Coyoacán,{{Cite web|title=Juan O'Gorman|url=https://www.latinamericanart.com/en/artist/juan-ogorman/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Latin American Art}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite journal|last1=Danes|first1=Gibson|date=1942|title=Juan O'Gorman|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43466639|journal=Southwest Review|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–10|jstor=43466639|issn=0038-4712|access-date=12 October 2020}} then a village to the south of Mexico City and now a borough of the city, to an Irish immigrant father, Cecil Crawford O'Gorman and Encarnación O'Gorman Moreno. His parents were distant cousins. He had three younger siblings, Edmundo, Margarita and Tomás.{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Edmundo|title=O'Gorman, Edmundo (1906-1995), historian|url=http://irlandeses.org/dilab_ogormane.htm|access-date=12 October 2020|website=Dictionary of Irish Latin American Biography}}{{Cite web|last=Canales|first=Francisco Gonzales de|date=2015-06-12|title=Juan O'Gorman (1905-1982)|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/reputations/juan-ogorman-1905-1982|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Architectural Review|language=en}} Despite his father's influence, O'Gorman chose to focus on architecture early in his career.{{Cite web|title=Juan O'Gorman|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juan-OGorman|access-date=2022-07-12}} In 1927, he graduated from Academy of San Carlos, the Art and Architecture school at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

His first marriage was to Nina Wright, Russian-American architect. He later married Helen Fowler, an American artist with whom he had an adopted daughter.

Career

= San Ángel houses =

In 1929, O'Gorman purchased a plot containing two tennis courts in Mexico City's San Ángel colonia. On the plot, O'Gorman constructed a small house and studio intended for use by his father, now known as the Cecil O'Gorman House. The building's forms were strongly influenced by the work of Le Corbusier, whose theories of architecture O'Gorman studied.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mascontext.com/issues/27-debate-fall-15/the-personal-debate-of-juan-ogorman/|title=The Personal Debate of Juan O'Gorman|date=2015-12-17|website=MAS CONTEXT|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-01}}{{Cite news|last=Traynor|first=Jessica|date=2018-12-26|title=Juan O'Gorman, architect behind Mexico City's most intriguing buildings|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/juan-o-gorman-architect-behind-mexico-city-s-most-intriguing-buildings-1.3736691|access-date=2020-10-12|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}{{Cite news|last=Quinn|first=Gary|date=2007-06-21|title=Rediscovering our man in Mexico City, Juan O'Gorman|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/rediscovering-our-man-in-mexico-city-juan-o-gorman-1.1211437|access-date=2020-10-12|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}} O'Gorman dubbed the house the first functionalist structure in Latin America.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYWzBgAAQBAJ&q=tennis+court+o%27gorman&pg=PA71|title=Modern Architecture in Latin America: Art, Technology, and Utopia|last1=Carranza|first1=Luis E.|last2=Lara|first2=Fernando Luiz|date=2015-01-05|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76297-8|language=en}}

Diego Rivera, a contemporary of O'Gorman, impressed with the design of the Cecil O'Gorman House, commissioned the architect to design a home for him and Frida Kahlo on an adjacent plot (O'Gorman and Kahlo had been friends since high school in Coyoacan).{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Claudio |date=2021-02-02 |title=A Mexico City Tour of Architect Juan O'Gorman’s Design Legacy |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/a-mexico-city-tour-of-architect-juan-ogormans-design-legacy |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}} The house was built in a similar functionalist style from 1931 to 1932. The Rivera-Kahlo house was two houses connected by a bridge.{{Cite web|title=Juan O'Gorman|url=http://architectuul.com/architect/juan-o-gorman|access-date=2020-10-13|website=architectuul.com|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018102322/http://architectuul.com/architect/juan-o-gorman|url-status=dead}} Both houses were purchased to be restored and opened to the public with the Rivera-Kahlo house operating as a museum.{{Cite web|last=Orzechowski|first=Alan Rojas|date=2018-01-17|title=Restoring the past: The Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo Home Studio|url=https://www.iconichouses.org/news/restoring-the-past-the-diego-rivera-and-frida-kahlo-home-studio|access-date=2020-10-13|website=www.iconichouses.org|language=en}}

File:FridaDiegoSanAngel049.jpg|The 1929 Cecil O'Gorman House

File:DETALLE ESCALERA CASA JUAN O GORMAN, ATRAS FACHADA CASA-ESTUDIO FRIDA KAHLO SAN ANGEL INN MEXICO DF CLAUDIA AGUILAR.jpg|The exterior staircase of the Cecil O'Gorman house.

File:San-Angel-Casa-Rivera-Kahlo.jpg|The Rivera-Kahlo house as visible from the street

File:FACHADA CASA-ESTUDIO DIEGO RIVERA SAN ANGEL INN MEXICO DF CLAUDIA AGUILAR.jpg|A bridge connects the two divisions of the Rivera-Kahlo house

File:Vista externa del Museo Casa Estudio Diego Rivera y Frida Kahlo.jpg|Panorama of Rivera-Kahlo house

= Schools =

In 1932, Narciso Bassols, then Secretary of Education, appointed O'Gorman to the position of Head of Architectural Office of the Ministry of Public Education, where he went on to design and build 26 elementary schools in Mexico City. The schools were built with the philosophy of "eliminating all architectural style and executing constructions technically."{{Cite book|last=Fraser|first=Valerie|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45912935|title=Building the new world : studies in the modern architecture of Latin America, 1930-1960|publisher=Verso|year=2000|isbn=1-85984-307-7|location=London|pages=47|oclc=45912935}}

After 6 years of functionalist projects, O'Gorman turned away from strict functionalism later in life to focus on painting and murals, including works at the Mexico City airport in 1937 {{Cite web |title=Murray, Edmundo: "Irish-Mexican Brothers: Edmundo and Juan O'Gorman" |url=https://www.irlandeses.org/ogormans.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.irlandeses.org}} and "Credit Transforms Mexico" for the International Bank on Reforma Avenue, now moved to HSBC.{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Tanya |date=2020-11-21 |title=Juan O’Gorman- 13 Iconic Projects |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/design-studio/a2146-juan-ogorman-13-iconic-projects/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=RTF {{!}} Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}

After being asked by Edgar Kaufmann Sr. to submit a proposal for murals for the Pittsburgh Young Men's & Women's Hebrew Association, O'Gorman spent a weekend at Fallingwater, which inspired him to return to architecture,{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera’s Fascinating Connections to Fallingwater |url=https://www.thenotsoinnocentsabroad.com/blog/frida-kahlo-and-diego-riveras-fascinating-connections-to-fallingwater |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Not So Innocents Abroad |language=en-US}} this time a more organic architecture, combining the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright with traditional Mexican constructions.{{Cite journal|last=O’Sullivan|first=Lucy|date=2019-04-03|title=Diego Rivera and Juan O'Gorman: Post-Revolutionary Architectural Anatomies|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569325.2019.1616166|journal=Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=253–275|doi=10.1080/13569325.2019.1616166|s2cid=198068606|issn=1356-9325}}

=Central Library at Ciudad Universitaria (UNAM)=

File:Biblioteca unam.JPG]]

Juan O'Gorman's most celebrated work due to its creativity, construction technique, and dimensions, are the four thousand square meters murals covering the four faces of the building of the Central Library at {{Lang|es|Ciudad Universitaria|italic=no}} at UNAM. These murals are mosaics made from millions of colored stones that he gathered all around Mexico in order to be able to obtain the different colors he needed. The north side pictures Mexico's pre-Hispanic past and the south facade its colonial one, while the east wall depicts the contemporary world, and the west shows the university and contemporary Mexico.{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=Architectural Classics: Central Library, Ciudad Universitaria / Juan O'Gorman|url=https://www.archdaily.com/943125/architectural-classics-central-library-ciudad-universitaria-juan-ogorman|access-date=2020-10-13|website=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}

From the beginning, I had the idea of making mosaics of colored stones in the walls of the collections, with a technique in which I was already well experienced. With these mosaics the library would be different from the other buildings of {{Lang|es|Ciudad Universitaria|italic=no}}, and it would be given a particular Mexican character.{{cite web|url = http://bibliotecacentral.unam.mx/murales04.html|website = Biblioteca Central UNAM|title = Creación del mural|access-date = 2015-10-03|archive-date = 2015-10-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151004210818/http://bibliotecacentral.unam.mx/murales04.html|url-status = dead}}

= Later work =

O'Gorman built and designed his own house in the suburb of Pedregal,{{Cite web|last=Gallanti|first=Fabrizio|date=2015-12-17|title=The Personal Debate of Juan O'Gorman|url=https://www.mascontext.com/issues/27-debate-fall-15/the-personal-debate-of-juan-ogorman/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=MAS CONTEXT|language=en-US}} which was part built structure part natural cave, which is known as "The Cave House" from 1953 to 1956. It was decorated with mosaics throughout. It was demolished in 1969.

His paintings often treated Mexican history, landscape, and legends. A mural commission in Pátzcuaro, Michoacan resulted in the huge "La historia de Michoacán" in the Biblioteca Pública Gertrudis Bocanegra in a former church.Jolly, Jennifer, Creating Pátzcuaro, Creating Mexico: Art, Tourism, and Nation Building Under Lázaro Cárdenas. Austin: University of Texas Press 2018. {{ISBN|978-1477-314203}} He painted the murals in the Independence Room in Mexico City's Chapultepec Castle, and the huge murals of his own 1952 Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, designed with Gustavo Saavedra and Juan Martínez de Velasco.

In 1959, together with fellow artists, Raúl Anguiano, Jesús Guerrero Galván, and Carlos Orozco Romero, O'Gorman founded the militant Unión de Pintores y Grabadores de México (Mexican Painters and Engravers Union).{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Edmundo|title=Ireland and the Americas : culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096145|editor1-last=Byrne|editor1-first=James P.|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=709–710|editor2-last=Coleman|editor2-first=Philip|editor3-last=King|editor3-first=Jason}}

Death

File:Juan O'Gorman 1950, autorretrato.jpg

He died on 17 January 1982, as a result of suicide. Authorities believe the artist grew despondent after being diagnosed with a heart ailment which curtailed his work. O'Gorman was found dead at his home.{{Cite news|date=1982-01-20|title=Juan O'Gorman, 76; Painter and Architect|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/20/obituaries/juan-o-gorman-76-painter-and-architect.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331}}

Awards

National Prize for Arts and Sciences of "fine arts", 1972.

Bibliography

{{cite book |last=Burian |first=Edward R. |chapter=The Architecture of Juan O'Gorman: Dichotomy and Drift |title=Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas |year=1997 |isbn=0-292-70852-1}}
{{cite book |last=Burian |first=Edward R. |chapter=Modernity and Nationalism: Juan O'Gorman and Post-Revolutionary Architecture in Mexico, 1920-1960 |title=Cruelty & Utopia: Cities and Landscapes of Latin America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvujtkuP4BMC&pg=PP1 |editor-first=Jean-François |editor-last=LeJeune |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |year=2005 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XvujtkuP4BMC&pg=PA210 210–223] |isbn=1-56898-489-8}}
{{cite book |last=O'Gorman |first=Juan |title=Juan O'Gorman |others=Inv. y coord. documental Ida Rodríguez Prampolini, Olga Sáenz y Elizabeth Fuentes |location=México |publisher=UNAM-Coordinación de Humanidades}}
{{cite book |title=O'Gorman |location=México |publisher=Grupo Financiero Bital |year=1999}}
{{cite book |last=Prampolini |first=Ida Rodríguez |title=Juan O'Gorman, arquitecto y pintor |location=México |publisher=UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas |year=1983}}
{{cite book |last=Frasier |first=Valerie |title=Building the New World: Modern Architecture in Latin America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KW3iUG4VPq0C&pg=PP1 |publisher=Verso |year=2000 |isbn=1-85984-787-0}}