Jules A. Hoffmann

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Jules A. Hoffmann

| image = Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference Jules A. Hoffmann (3x4 cropped).jpg

| caption = Hoffmann in 2011

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|08|02|df=y}}

| birth_place = Echternach, German-occupied Luxembourg

| death_date =

| death_place =

| nationality = French

| fields = Biology

| workplaces = CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Trinity College Dublin

| alma_mater = University of Strasbourg

| doctoral_advisor = Pierre Joly

| doctoral_students =

| known_for =

| awards = Balzan Prize (2007)
Keio Medical Science Prize (2010)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2011)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (2011)

}}

Jules Alphonse Nicolas Hoffmann ({{IPA|fr|ʒyl ɔfman}}; born 2 August 1941) is a French{{cite web |url= http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1912.htm |title=CNRS senior researcher Jules Hoffmann awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |publisher=French National Centre for Scientific Research |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}} biologist. During his youth, growing up in Luxembourg, he developed a strong interest in insects under the influence of his father, Jos Hoffmann. This eventually resulted in the younger Hoffmann's dedication to the field of biology using insects as model organisms.{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/hoffmann-lecture.html |title=Jules A. Hoffmann – Nobel Lecture: The Host Defense of Insects: A Paradigm for Innate Immunity |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}} He currently holds a faculty position at the University of Strasbourg.{{cite web |url=http://www-ibmc.u-strasbg.fr/ridi/profil.php?equipe_id=10&lang=en |title=Jules A. HOFFMANN |publisher=UPR9022-IBMC:Immune Response and Development in Insects |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005194429/http://www-ibmc.u-strasbg.fr/ridi/profil.php?equipe_id=10&lang=en |url-status=dead }} He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in Strasbourg, France. He was elected to the positions of Vice-President (2005–2006) and President (2007–2008) of the French Academy of Sciences. Hoffmann and Bruce Beutler were jointly awarded a half share of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity".{{cite press release|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/press.html|title=Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011|publisher=Nobel Foundation|date=3 October 2011}}

Hoffmann and Bruno Lemaitre discovered the function of the fruit fly Toll gene in innate immunity. Its mammalian homologs, the Toll-like receptors, were discovered by Beutler. Toll-like receptors identify constituents of other organisms like fungi and bacteria, and trigger an immune response, explaining, for example, how septic shock can be triggered by bacterial remains.{{cite journal|title=Nobel announcement marred by winner's death |doi=10.1038/478013a |author=Callaway E |journal=Nature |date= 2011 |volume=478 |issue=7367 |pages=13–4 |pmid=21979018|bibcode=2011Natur.478...13C |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Ronald |first1=Pamela |last2=Fauquet |first2=Claude |last3=Zhu |first3=Li-Huang |last4=Zhai |first4=Wen-Xue |last5=Wang |first5=Bei |last6=Gardner |first6=J. |last7=Holsten |first7=Tom |last8=Pi |first8=Li-Ya |last9=Kim |first9=Han-Suk |last10=Chen |first10=Li-Li |last11=Wang |first11=Guo-Liang |last12=Song |first12=Wen-Yuan |title=A Receptor Kinase-Like Protein Encoded by the Rice Disease Resistance Gene, Xa21 |journal=Science |date=15 December 1995 |volume=270 |issue=5243 |pages=1804–1806 |doi=10.1126/science.270.5243.1804 |pmid=8525370 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|bibcode=1995Sci...270.1804S |s2cid=10548988 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4x0247kj |url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal | last1 = Gomez-Gomez |first1=L.| title = FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis |journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 1003–1011| year = 2000 | pmid = 10911994| doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8 | first2 = Thomas |last2=Boller|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}

In 2012, Hoffman was appointed as an Honorary Professor in the School of Biochemistry and Immunology at Trinity College Dublin.{{cite web | url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/trinity-appoints-three-nobel-laureates-as-honorary-professors|title=Trinity Appoints Three Nobel Laureates as Honorary Professors|year=2012|location=Dublin}}

Education

Jules Hoffmann went to the Lycée de Garçons de Luxembourg before leaving to France. Hoffmann received undergraduate degrees in biology and chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, France. In 1969, he completed his Ph.D. in biology also at the University of Strasbourg under Pierre Joly in Laboratory of General Biology at the Institute of Zoology. His post-doctoral training was at the Institut für Physiologische Chemie at Philipps-Universität in Marburg an der Lahn, Germany, in 1973–1974.

Studies and Research Careers

During his Ph.D. program under Pierre Joly, Hoffmann started his research in studying antimicrobial defenses in grasshoppers, inspired by the previous works done in the laboratory of Pierre Joly showing that no opportunistic infections were apparent in insects after the transplantation of certain organs from one to another. Hoffmann confirmed discovery of phagocytosis done by Eli Metchnikoff, through injection of Bacillus thuringiensis and observation of increase of phagocytes. In addition, he showed strong correlation between hematopoiesis and antimicrobial defenses by assessing the susceptibility of an insect to the microbial infection after X-ray treatment. Hoffmann shifts from using grasshopper model to using dipteran species in the 80s. By using Phormia terranovae, Hoffmann and his colleagues were able to identify 82-residues long antimicrobial polypeptide named Diptericin which was glycine-rich, along with other polypeptides in Drosophila melanogaster such as Defensin, Cecropin, and Attacin. Further molecular genetic analysis revealed that the promoters for the genes encoding these antimicrobial peptides contained DNA sequences similar to the binding elements for NF-κB in mammalian DNA. Dorsal gene, critical in dorso-ventral patterning in the early embryo of Drosophila melanogaster was also identified to be in this NF-κB family. It was initially speculated by Hoffmann and colleagues that activity of Dorsal was directly linked to the expression of the Diptericin gene. However, it turned out that Diptericin was normally induced even in the loss-of-function Dorsal mutants. Further conducted research showed that Diptericin expression was dependent on the expression of imd gene. Identification of another antifungal peptide named Drosomycin and RNA blots demonstrated that two distinct pathways(Toll, Imd) exist, involving Drosomycin and Diptericin respectively. Similarities of structure and function between several members in the Drosophila embryo and members in mammals being noted, study "The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults"{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5 | last1 = Lemaitre | first1 = B. | last2 = Nicolas | first2 = E. | last3 = Michaut | first3 = L. | last4 = Reichhart | first4 = J. M. | last5 = Hoffmann | first5 = J. A. | title = The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults | journal = Cell | volume = 86 | issue = 6 | pages = 973–983 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8808632| s2cid = 10736743 | url = http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/151754 | doi-access = free }} by Lemaitre and Hoffmann in 1996 illuminated the possible existing innate immunity in Drosophila in response to fungal challenge. Later works identified that Toll transmembrane receptors are present in a wide variety of phyla and are conserved through evolution along with conservation of NF-κB activating cascades.

Hoffmann was a research assistant at CNRS from 1964 to 1968, and became a research associate in 1969. Since 1974 he has been a Research Director of CNRS. Between 1978 and 2005 he was Director of the CNRS research unit "Immune Response and Development in Insects", and from 1994 to 2005 he was director of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of CNRS in Strasbourg.

Hoffmann is a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the French Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), the United States National Academy of Sciences{{when|date=January 2017}}, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Fondation Écologie d'Avenir{{cite web |url=http://www.fondationecologiedavenir.org/Conseil_Orientation.htm |title=Fondation Ecologie d'Avenir: Le Conseil d'Orientation |website=www.fondationecologiedavenir.org |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006034618/http://www.fondationecologiedavenir.org/Conseil_Orientation.htm |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead}} and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Hoffmann became a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 2012.{{cite news|title=Légion d'honneur : 15 promus dans le Bas-Rhin|url=http://www.lalsace.fr/actualite/2012/01/04/legion-d-honneur-15-promus-dans-le-bas-rhin|access-date=December 5, 2016|work=L'Alsace|date=January 4, 2012}}

In 2015, Hoffmann signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mainaudeclaration.org/|title=Mainau Declaration|website=www.mainaudeclaration.org|access-date=2018-01-11}}

Controversy

Bruno Lemaitre, a research associate in the Hoffmann laboratory at the time when the major work on Drosophila innate immunity was conducted (for which Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel), claims he was inadequately recognized by Hoffmann as the instigator of and main contributor to the Nobel-winning work. Lemaitre now supervises his own laboratory at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland.Travis, John (2011-12-16) [https://www.science.org/content/article/nobel-prize-immunologists-provokes-yet-another-debate Nobel Prize for Immunologists Provokes Yet Another Debate]. sciencemag.org{{Cite web | url=http://lemaitrelab.epfl.ch/ | title=UPLEM – Lemaitre Lab}}Bruno Lemaitre 2016. Science, narcissism and the quest for visibility. http://brunolemaitre.ch/narcissism-science/book/

Awards

File:Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7609.jpg (chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine) and Bruce Beutler]]

File:Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7641.jpg

2003 Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award
2004 Robert Koch Prize
2007 Balzan Prize together with Bruce A. Beutler for Innate Immunity
2010 Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award (shared with Ruslan M. Medzhitov)
2010 Keio Medical Science Prize
2011 Gairdner Foundation International Award (shared with Shizuo Akira)
2011 Shaw Prize (shared with Bruce A. Beutler and Ruslan M. Medzhitov)
2011 CNRS Gold medal
2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Bruce Beutler and Ralph M. Steinman)

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005154530/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/Hoffmann_Jules.htm Jules Hoffmann] at the French Academy of Sciences
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810120600/http://www.balzan.com/en/ueberuns/index.cfm Jules Hoffmann] at the Balzan Foundation
[https://web.archive.org/web/20081004180543/http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news237418 HOW WE SENSE MICROBES: GENETIC DISSECTION OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN INSECTS AND MAMMALS]
{{Nobelprize}}