Julia Solly

{{Infobox person

| name = Julia Solly

| image =

| image_size =

| caption =

| alt =

| birth_name = Julia Frances Muspratt

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1862|12|21}}

| birth_place = Seaforth, Lancashire, England

| death_date = {{Death year and age|1953|1862}}

| death_place = Wynberg, Cape Town, South Africa

| nationality = British/South African

| spouse = Hubert LeGay Solly

| relatives = Edmund Knowles Muspratt (father)
Frances Jane Baines (mother)
Nessie Stewart-Brown (sister)
Max Muspratt (brother)
Nelia Penman (niece)

| occupation = social activist, suffragist, pacifist

| years_active = 1888–1940s

}}

Julia Frances Solly (née Muspratt; 21 December 1862 – 1953) was a British suffragist, feminist and temperance activist. After her marriage, she moved to South Africa, where she became one of the most recognisable feminists in the Cape Colony. Advocating for suffrage, she co-founded the Cape Branch of the Women's Enfranchisement League (WEL), the first organisation in South Africa created to push for women's right to vote. Active as a pacifist, she was against both the Second Boer War and World War I, but believed that the Nazis must be stopped at all cost. She was also active in many social reform programs and was part of the purity movement. For her work on the National Council of Women, she was awarded the King George Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935.

Biography

Julia Frances Muspratt was born 21 December 1862{{sfn|Reed|2015|p=95}} at Seaforth Hall, Seaforth, Lancashire, England.{{sfn|Human Sciences Research Council|2000|p=74}} to Frances Jane (née Baines) and Edmund Knowles Muspratt.{{sfn|Williams|2004}}{{sfn|Cowman|2004}} She attended the Cheltenham Ladies' College and she and her sister Nessie were some of the first female students at University College, Liverpool. Muspratt studied botany with professor Harvey Gibson and focused on the flora of South Africa.{{sfn|Muspratt|1917|p=206}} After graduating, she made a trip to the Americas with her father, travelling first to Canada to attend the British Association meeting in Montreal{{sfn|Muspratt|1917|p=258}} and then touring from the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States all the way back to New York City before heading home.{{sfn|Muspratt|1917|pp=267–268}}

In the late 1880s, Muspratt joined the local Women's Liberal Federation (WLF) West Toxteth branch of which her sister Nessie Stewart-Brown was president, along with her mother, her aunt Ann Neal Muspratt (Mrs. Sheridan), her sister Stella Permewan (née Muspratt) and her sister-in-law Helena Agnes Dalrymple Ainsworth (wife of her brother Max Muspratt).{{sfn|Cowman|2004}} On 15 June 1890, she married Hubert LeGay Solly{{sfn|Lancashire Record Office|1890|p=761}} (23 April 1856 – 1 December 1912){{sfn|Institution of Civil Engineers|1913}} an English engineer who was working abroad due to health issues for the South African government on the railroads.{{sfn|Muspratt|1917|p=243}} That same year, the couple moved to De Aar, where Solly joined the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. By 1895 she was serving as superintendent of its suffrage unit.{{sfn|Human Sciences Research Council|2000|p=74}} An ardent pacifist,{{sfn|Human Sciences Research Council|2000|p=74}} she sent letters to her father during the Second Boer War, recounting atrocities of the conflict{{sfn|Muspratt|1917|pp=207–210}} Soon after the war ended, her husband retired in 1904 because of his health problems and settled on his farm near Knor Hoek, Sir Lowry's Pass, Cape Colony.{{sfn|Institution of Civil Engineers|1913}} In 1907, Solly helped found Cape Branch of the Women's Enfranchisement League (WEL), the first organisation in South Africa created to gain women the right to vote.{{sfn|Human Sciences Research Council|2000|p=74}} She became a correspondent of Olive Schreiner and their letters mainly have to do with suffrage business. Schreiner was concerned about factionalism and exhorted Solly to put aside religious or racial differences and eliminate divisive elements, like one-time president, Irene Macfadyen (1907–1908), who was simultaneously a member of an anti-women's suffrage group.{{sfn|Olive Schreiner Letters Online|2012}} Solly became one of the most recognisable figures in the Cape Colony's suffrage movement.{{sfn|Bickford-Smith|Heyningen|Worden|1999|p=30}}

By the time of her husband's 1912 death, Solly was almost exclusively working in Cape Town{{sfn|Bickford-Smith|Heyningen|Worden|1999|p=57}} where she joined the National Council of Women in 1913.{{sfn|Human Sciences Research Council|2000|p=74}} During World War I, Solly co-founded, with Unitarian minister Ramsden Balmforth, the South African Peace and Arbitration Society.{{sfn|Hale|2013}} Though they presented reasoned arguments for peace, few wanted to hear them.{{sfn|Bickford-Smith|Heyningen|Worden|1999|p=57}}{{sfn|Roddy Bray's Guide|2008}} She was the first woman to join the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, writing treatises about the science of war and its negative impact on society.{{sfn|Oldfield|2003|p=344}} In 1916, she became vice-president of the Association for Moral and Social Hygiene and wrote pamphlets and articles about the dangers of vice.{{sfn|UK National Archives|1871–1960}} Around the same time she joined the International Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice, in an attempt to redirect misguided prostitutes lured by the excitement of the moment. The NCW women took to the streets in brigades to patrol neighbourhoods.{{sfn|Bickford-Smith|Heyningen|Worden|1999|p=55}} Solly stood for election in 1918 as a candidate for the Salt River Municipality but was defeated.{{sfn|Bickford-Smith|Heyningen|Worden|1999|p=57}}{{sfn|Roddy Bray's Guide|2008}} In the first half of the 1920s, Solly wrote The Women's Charter which was then translated into Afrikaans and sent out to all branches of the Nasionale Vroueparty (National Women's Party) by its executive.{{sfn|Vincent|1998|p=8}}

"In 1926 Julia Solly argued before the parliamentary select committee that women needed the vote as a 'home-protection weapon'", meaning that allowing women to vote would protect families.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=338}} Women's suffrage in South Africa was complicated by the fear that the black majority would become empowered. Solly, used these fears to women's advantage stressing that if white women were given the vote, it would increase the white voters.{{sfn|Fletcher|Levine|Mayhall|2012|p=79}} Finally, on 11 April 1930, with a 40-vote majority, Prime Minister Albert Hertzog's government approved voting rights for white women on par with those of white men.{{sfn|Valentine|2016}} By 1935, Solly was serving as vice-president of the National Council of Women and was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in that year for her service.{{sfn|McKinnon|1995|p=55}} Solly and Balmforth abandoned their pacifist stance during World War II, believing that Hitler had to be defeated at all costs.{{sfn|Harrison|1947}} Solly died in 1953 in Wynberg, Cape Town, South Africa.{{sfn|Human Sciences Research Council|2000|p=74}}

References

=Citations=

=Sources=

{{cite book|last1=Bickford-Smith|first1=Vivian|last2=Heyningen|first2=E. Van|last3=Worden|first3=Nigel|title=Cape Town in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkxmcdhpPbMC&pg=PA57|year=1999|publisher=New Africa Books|location=Claremont, South Africa|isbn=978-0-86486-384-3}}
{{cite ODNB|last1=Cowman|first1=Krista|title=Brown, Nessie Stewart (1864–1958)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/59518/59518?back=,37799|access-date=29 February 2016|location=Oxford University Press, Oxford, England|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/59518 |url-access=subscription }}
{{cite book|last1=Fletcher|first1=Ian Christopher|last2=Levine|first2=Philippa|last3=Mayhall|first3=Laura E. Nym|title=Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U5hln57PtkC&pg=PA79|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=London, England|isbn=978-1-135-63999-0}}
{{cite journal |last1=Hale |first1=F |title=Contours of Pacificism: Ramsden Balmforth's Advocacy of Peace in the Union of South Africa and Beyond |journal=Acta Theologica |date=21 August 2013 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=96–113 |doi=10.4314/actat.v33i1.5 |doi-access=free |hdl=10394/13361 |hdl-access=free }}
{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Wilfrid H.|title=Memoirs of a Socialist in South Africa 1903–1947|chapter-url=http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/onlinebooks/harrison-wilfrid/21-scheepers.htm|year=1947|publisher=South African History Online|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|chapter=Scheepers' Trial and execution|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126092255/http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/onlinebooks/harrison-wilfrid/21-scheepers.htm|url-status=dead}}
{{cite book|last=Human Sciences Research Council|title=Women Marching into the 21st Century: Wathint' Abafazi, Wathint' Imbokodo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgzGqNhLY1UC&pg=PA74|year=2000|publisher=HSRC Press|location=Pretoria, South Africa|isbn=978-0-7969-1966-3}}
{{cite thesis|type=Master of Arts|last=McKinnon|first=June|date=November 1995|title=Women's Christian Temperance Union: Aspects of Early Feminism in the Cape, 1889–1930|url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/18193/dissertation_mckinnon_j.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of South Africa|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}
{{cite book|last=Muspratt|first=Edmund Knowles|title=My life and work|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028344285#page/n243/mode/2up/search/julia|year=1917|publisher=John Lane Company|location=Plymouth, England}}
{{cite book|last=Oldfield|first=Sybil|title=International Woman Suffrage: November 1914 – September 1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bidToVS7d5YC&pg=PA170|volume=II|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London, England|isbn=978-0-415-25738-1}}
{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Peter|title=Entrepreneurial Ventures in Chemistry: The Muspratts of Liverpool, 1793–1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf6fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95|year=2015|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|location=Farnham, England|isbn=978-1-4724-4978-8}}
{{cite web|last1=Valentine|first1=Sue|title=A Woman for All Tme|url=http://sthp.saha.org.za/memorial/articles/a_woman_for_all_time.htm|website=SAHA|publisher=Sunday Times Heritage Project|access-date=1 March 2016|location=South Africa|year=2016}}
{{cite speech|last=Vincent|first=Louise|title=A Cake of Soap: The Volksmoeder Ideology and Afrikaner Women's Campaign for the Vote|url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/9938/ISS-451.pdf?sequence=1|date=23 March 1998|event=University of the Witwatersrand Institute For Advanced Social Research Seminar|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816001213/http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/9938/ISS-451.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead}}
{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Cherryl|title=Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhqc7q9oL2EC&pg=PA338|year=1990|publisher=New Africa Books|location=Claremont, South Africa|isbn=978-0-86486-090-3}}
{{cite ODNB|last1=Williams|first1=Trevor I.|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |chapter=Muspratt, Edmund Knowles (1833–1923), industrial chemist|chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37799|access-date=29 February 2016|location=Oxford University Press, Oxford, England|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/37799 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}
{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Roddy Bray's Guide|2008}}|author=|title=Cape Town and the First World War|url=http://www.capetown.at/heritage/history/1910_intro_ww1_art.htm|publisher=Roddy Bray's Guide to Cape Town|access-date=1 March 2016|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519151410/http://www.capetown.at/heritage/history/1910_intro_ww1_art.htm|archive-date=19 May 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Lancashire Record Office|1890}}|author=|title=England and Wales Marriage Registration Index, 1837–2005|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QJ65-RL47|website=FamilySearch|publisher=Lancashire Record Office|access-date=1 March 2016|location=Lancaster, Sefton, Lancashire, England|date=15 June 1890}}
{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Institution of Civil Engineers|1913}}|author=|title=Hubert Le Gay Solly|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Hubert_Le_Gay_Solly|website=GracesGuide|publisher=Institution of Civil Engineers|access-date=29 February 2016|location=England|date=1913}}
{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Olive Schreiner Letters Online|2012}}|author=|title=Julia Solly|url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=222|publisher=The Olive Schreiner Letters Online|access-date=1 March 2016|location=UK|date=2012}}
{{cite web|ref={{harvid|UK National Archives|1871–1960}}|author=|title=Report from South Africa' by Mrs Solly|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/aa608945-1412-4472-8cd6-477176237312|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=1 March 2016|location=Kew, Surrey, England|date=1871–1960}}