Junagadh State
{{Short description|Former princely state in Gujarat, India (1730–1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = State of Junagadh
| era =
| year_start = 1730
| date_start =
| event_start = Founded
| status = State Within the Maratha Confederacy (1731–1807)
Protectorate of the East India Company (1807–1857)
Princely State of the British Raj (1857–1947)
State of the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1948)
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = Annexation of Junagarh
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Maratha Empire
| flag_p1 =
| image_flag = State Flag of Junaghad.jpg
| flag_type = Flags of the State of Junagadh
| image_coat = Junaghad_State_Emblem_1947.png
| symbol_type = Emblem https://kathiyawadikhamir.com/coat-of-arms/coat-of-arms-emblem-junagadh/
| image_map = Junaghad state.jpg
| leader_name2 =
| image_map_caption = Location of the State of Junagarh,
among all districts (in dark green)
| title_leader = Nawab
| year_leader1 = 1730– 1758 (first)
| leader1 = Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I
| year_leader2 = 1911–1948 (last)
| leader2 = Muhammad Mahabat Khan III
| stat_area1 = 8643
| stat_year1 = 1921
| stat_pop1 = 465,493
| footnotes =
| s1 = State of Saurashtra
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
}}
File:India-GUJARAT.svg, shown within modern borders of India]]
The State of Junagadh or Junagarh was a princely state located in Gujarat, It was ruled by the Muslim Babi dynasty since 1654 by first Nawab of Junagadh even within the Maratha Confederacy and later British India.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Junagarh |volume=15 |pages=554–555}} which, after the partition of British India, acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan. Subsequently, the Union of India annexed Junagadh in 1948, legitimized through a plebiscite held the same year.{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Larry |title=Freedom at Midnight |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=2011 |isbn=978-8125931867 |edition=Seventh |pages=556–557 |language=English}}{{Cite web |date=2020-08-05 |title=Explained: When Junagadh voted to join India, and Pakistan got just 91 votes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-when-junagadh-voted-to-join-india-and-pakistan-got-just-91-votes-6540331/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} Pakistan claims sovereignty over the erstwhile princely state to this day. Junagarh State Council with S Parmar have been entrusted with the erstwhile princely state of Junagarh.
History
The state of Junagadh was established by the Maharaja of Parmar Rajputs. Muhammad Sher Khan Babai was the founder of the Babi Pashtun dynasty of Junagarh in 1654. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagarh, conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra.
However, during the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the Babis became involved in a struggle with the Gaekwad dynasty of the Maratha Empire over control of Gujarat, during the reign of the local Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I. Mohammad Khan Bahadur Khanji I declared independence from the Mughal governor of Gujarat subah, and founded the state of Junagarh in 1730. This allowed the Babi to retain sovereignty of Junagarh and other princely states. During the reign of his heir Junagarh was a tributary to the Maratha Empire,{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&q=Junagadh+Marathas&pg=PA198 |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society |page=198 |author1=Georg Pfeffer |author2=Deepak Kumar Behera |year=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170229834 |author1-link=Georg Pfeffer}} until it came under British suzerainty in 1807 under Mohammad Hamid Khanji I, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
In 1807, Junagarh became a British protectorate and the East India Company took control of the state. By 1818, the Saurashtra area, along with other princely states of Kathiawar, were separately administered under the Kathiawar Agency by British India.
In 1947, during the partition of India, the last Babi dynasty ruler of the state, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III, decided to accede to the Dominion of Pakistan but Junagarh was annexed by India which was followed by a plebiscite in which the locals voted to stay with India.
=Rulers=
{{main|Nawab of Junagarh}}
The Nawabs of Junagarh belonged to Pathan Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe). They were granted a 13 gun salute by the British authorities:{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html|title=JUNAGADH|first=Henry|last=Soszynski|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html|url-status=dead}}
- 1730–1758 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I or Mohammad Sher Khan Babai[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.
- 1758–1774: Mohammad Mahabat Khan I
- 1774–1811: Mohammad Hamid Khan I
- 1811–1840: Mohammad Bahadur Khan II
- 1840–1851: Mohammad Hamid Khan II
- 1851–1882: Mohammad Mahabat Khan II
- 1882–1892: Mohammad Bahadur Khan III
- 1892–1911: Mohammad Rasul Khan
- 1911–1948: Mohammad Mahabat Khan III (last ruler before the integration of Junagarh into India)
Junagadh Nawab's and state officials, 19th century.jpg|Junagarh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century
Mahabat Khan, the Nawab of Junagarh, 1870s.jpg|Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II, the Nawab of Junagarh, with young, Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III, 1870s
Bahadur Khanji III, Nawab of Junagadh, and state officials, 1880s.jpg|Bahadur Khanji II (r. 1882–1892), Nawab of Junagarh, and state officials, 1880s
Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagadh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagadh, 1890s.jpg|Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagarh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagarh, 1890s
Koli Rebellion
There was a Koli rebellion in Junagarh by Mansa Khant during the reign of Nawab Sher Khan (the first ruler of Junagarh). He revolted against the ongoing Mughal Rule, with Uparkot Fort serving as his centre of operations. He made a series of raids into the surrounding villages and cities. Nawab Sher Khan was unsuccessful in suppressing the rebellion. Mansa Khant occupied Uparkot for 13 months and continued to carry out numerous raids mostly in the countryside. The nawab was assisted by the King of Gondal State, Thakur Sahib Haloji Jadeja and Arab Jamadar Sheikh Abdullah Zubeidi in his campaign against the rebellion. The combined forces defeated the Khant, captured Uparkot and crushed the rebellion.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Mansa+Khant&pg=PT94|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last1=Williams|first1=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199089598|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=KOLIS: A FRINGE CATEGORY|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/59303/8/08_chapter%20iv.pdf|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=1 January 2019}}
Annexation by India
{{Main|Annexation of Junagarh}}
In 1947, Shah Nawaz Bhutto joined the council of ministers of Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III, and in May became his dewan or prime minister.
With the partition of India in 1947, the princely states were left by the British to decide whether to accede to one of the newly independent Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan, or become a separate country.{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=1991 |title=The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in 1947 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40106322 |journal=The International History Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=38–69 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1991.9640572 |jstor=40106322 |issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription }}
The Constitutional Advisor to the Nawab, Nabi Baksh, indicated to Lord Mountbatten that he was recommending that Junagarh should join India. However, upon the advice of Dewan Bhutto, on 15 August 1947, the Nawab announced that Junagarh had acceded to Pakistan. On 16 September, the Government of Pakistan accepted the accession.{{cite book |first=V. P. |last=Menon |title=The Story of Integration of the Indian States |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1956 |url=https://hidf1.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states-by-v-p-menon.pdf |pages=85–87}}
India sent its military into Junagarh while the Nawab of Junagarh was in Pakistan and captured the State of Junagarh. The Annexation of Junagarh by India led the Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III of Junagarh (of the erstwhile Babi Nawab dynasty of Junagarh) to live in exile in Sindh, Pakistan.{{Cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/history.php |title=Welcome to Junagadh Municipal Corporation |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225220311/http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/history.php |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}
=Pakistan's claim=
Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with Manavadar and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political maps.
Devirupa Mitra, [https://thewire.in/external-affairs/pakistani-complaint-to-un-over-geospatial-bill-is-a-silly-issue-experts Pakistan Objects to India's Map Bill But its Own 2014 Law Regulates Geospatial Data Too], The Wire, 18 May 2016.
Philip Jagessar, [https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/mapcollection/2019/10/03/pakistan-india-and-mapping-the-contested-accession-of-south-asias-princely-states/ Pakistan, India and mapping the contested accession of South Asia’s princely states], University of Nottingham, 3 October 2019.
{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/ |title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts |work=The Himalayan Times |date=4 August 2020 |accessdate=4 August 2020}}{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Illegal occupation of Junagadh was an act of brazen aggression |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/20-Mar-2021/illegal-occupation-of-junagadh-was-an-act-of-brazen-aggression |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}} On 10 December 2020, Sultan Ahmed Ali took oath as the Dewan of Junagadh State. This title was Given by Nawab Muhammad Jahangir Khanji who claim Annexation of Junagadh with Pakistan.{{Cite web |last=news.desk |date=2020-12-12 |title=New prime minister of Junagadh sworn in |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2275654/new-prime-minister-of-junagadh-sworn-in |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}
List of rulers
{{Sources needed|date=March 2025}}
= Rulers =
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{commons category}}
- {{official website|http://www.junagadhstate.org }}
- [http://indiannumismatics.com/about-monograms.php Classic Gallery of Indian Numismatics]
- [http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat2.htm Heraldry of the princely states of Gujarat]
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{coord|21.52|N|70.47|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
Category:1730 establishments in India
Category:1948 disestablishments in India
Category:Historical Indian regions
Category:States under the Kathiawar Agency
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948