Jupiter mass

The current best known value for the mass of Jupiter can be expressed as {{val|1898130|u=yottagrams}}:

$$M\_\backslash mathrm\{J\}=(1.89813\; \backslash pm\; 0.00019)\backslash times10^\{27\}\; \backslash text\{\; kg\},$$

which is about {{frac|1000}} as massive as the Sun (is about {{solar mass|0.1%}}):{{cite web|title=Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy|url=http://maia.usno.navy.mil/NSFA/NSFA_cbe.html#MSMJ2009|website=maia.usno.navy.mil|publisher=IAU Working Group|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826200953/http://maia.usno.navy.mil/NSFA/NSFA_cbe.html#MSMJ2009|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead}}

$$M\_\backslash mathrm\{J\}=\backslash frac\{1\}\{1047.348644\; \backslash pm\; 0.000017\}\; M\_\{\backslash odot\}\; \backslash approx\; (9.547919\; \backslash pm\; 0.000002)\; \backslash times10^\{-4\}\; M\_\{\backslash odot\}.$$

Jupiter is 318 times as massive as Earth:

$$M\_\backslash mathrm\{J\}\; =\; 3.1782838\; \backslash times\; 10^2\; M\_\backslash oplus.$$

Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies beyond the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center.{{cite book |last1=MacDougal |first1=Douglas W. |title=Newton's Gravity |url=https://archive.org/details/newtonsgravityin00macd |url-access=limited |date=November 6, 2012 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=9781461454434 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newtonsgravityin00macd/page/n208 193]–211 |language=en |chapter=A Binary System Close to Home: How the Moon and Earth Orbit Each Other |quote=the barycenter is 743,000 km from the center of the sun. The Sun's radius is 696,000 km, so it is 47,000 km above the surface.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-5444-1_10 |series=Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics }}

Because the mass of Jupiter is so large compared to the other objects in the Solar System, the effects of its gravity must be included when calculating satellite trajectories and the precise orbits of other bodies in the Solar System, including the Moon and even Pluto.

Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had much more mass than it does at present, its atmosphere would collapse, and the planet would shrink.{{cite journal

|last=Seager |first=S.

|author2=Kuchner, M.

|author3=Hier-Majumder, C. A.

|author4=Militzer, B.

|title=Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=669 |issue=2 |pages=1279–1297 |date=2007

|doi=10.1086/521346

|arxiv=0707.2895 |bibcode=2007ApJ...669.1279S|s2cid=8369390

}} For small changes in mass, the radius would not change appreciably, but above about {{earth mass|link=yes|500}} (1.6 Jupiter masses) the interior would become so much more compressed under the increased pressure that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve.{{cite AV media | title=How the Universe Works 3

| volume=Jupiter: Destroyer or Savior? | date=2014 | publisher=Discovery Channel}} The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved, as in high-mass brown dwarfs having around 50 Jupiter masses.{{cite journal

|last=Guillot |first=Tristan

|title=Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System

|journal=Science

|date=1999 |volume=286 |issue=5437 |pages=72–77 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5437.72 |pmid=10506563 |bibcode=1999Sci...286...72G}} Jupiter would need to be about 80 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star.{{cite journal

|author=Burrows, Adam |author2=Hubbard, William B. |author3=Saumon, D. |author4=Lunine, Jonathan I.

|title=An expanded set of brown dwarf and very low mass star models

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|date=1993 |volume=406 |issue=1 |pages=158–71 |bibcode=1993ApJ...406..158B |doi=10.1086/172427 |doi-access=free }}

The mass of Jupiter is derived from the measured value called the Jovian mass parameter, which is denoted with GM_J. The mass of Jupiter is calculated by dividing GM_J by the constant G. For celestial bodies such as Jupiter, Earth and the Sun, the value of the GM product is known to many orders of magnitude more precisely than either factor independently. The limited precision available for G limits the uncertainty of the derived mass. For this reason, astronomers often prefer to refer to the gravitational parameter, rather than the explicit mass. The GM products are used when computing the ratio of Jupiter mass relative to other objects.

In 2015, the International Astronomical Union defined the nominal Jovian mass parameter to remain constant regardless of subsequent improvements in measurement precision of {{Jupiter mass}}. This constant is defined as exactly

$$(\backslash mathcal\{GM\})^\backslash mathrm\; N\_\backslash mathrm\; J\; =\; 1.266\backslash ,8653\; \backslash times\; 10^\{17\}\; \backslash text\{\; m\}^3/\backslash text\{s\}^2$$

If the explicit mass of Jupiter is needed in SI units, it can be calculated by dividing GM by G, where G is the gravitational constant.{{cite arXiv |eprint=1510.07674|last1=Mamajek|first1=E. E.|title=IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties| last2=Prsa|first2=A.|last3=Torres|first3=G.|last4=Harmanec|first4=P.|last5=Asplund|first5=M.|last6=Bennett|first6=P. D| last7= Capitaine|first7=N|last8=Christensen-Dalsgaard|first8=J|last9=Depagne|first9=E|last10=Folkner|first10=W. M.|last11=Haberreiter|first11=M.|last12=Hekker|first12=S.|last13=Hilton|first13=J. L.|last14=Kostov|first14=V|last15=Kurtz|first15=D. W|last16=Laskar|first16=J|last17=Mason|first17=B. D|last18=Milone|first18=E. F.|last19=Montgomery|first19=M. M.|last20=Richards|first20=M. T.|last21=Schou|first21=J|last22=Stewart|first22=S. G.|class=astro-ph.SR|year=2015|display-authors= 3}}

The majority of Jupiter's mass is hydrogen and helium. These two elements make up more than 87% of the total mass of Jupiter.{{cite web|last1=Guillot|first1=Tristan|last2=Stevenson|first2=David J.|last3=Hubbard|first3=William B.|last4=Saumon|first4=Didier|title=The Interior of Jupiter| url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/39188/1/Stevenson_2004p35.pdf|access-date=31 October 2017}} The total mass of heavy elements other than hydrogen and helium in the planet is between 11 and {{earth mass|45}}.{{cite journal|last1=Guillot|first1=Tristan|last2=Gautier|first2=Daniel|last3=Hubbard|first3=William B.|title=New Constraints on the Composition of Jupiter from Galileo Measurements and Interior Models|journal=Icarus|date=December 1997|volume=130|issue=2|pages=534–539|doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5812|arxiv=astro-ph/9707210|bibcode=1997Icar..130..534G|s2cid=5466469 }} The bulk of the hydrogen on Jupiter is solid hydrogen.{{cite journal|last1=Öpik|first1=E. J.|title=Jupiter: Chemical composition, structure, and origin of a giant planet|journal=Icarus|date=January 1962|volume=1|issue=1–6|pages=200–257|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(62)90022-2|bibcode=1962Icar....1..200O}} Evidence suggests that Jupiter contains a central dense core. If so, the mass of the core is predicted to be no larger than about {{earth mass|12}}. The exact mass of the core is uncertain due to the relatively poor knowledge of the behavior of solid hydrogen at very high pressures.

| align="center" |

|-

|Earth

| {{val|317.82838}}

| {{val|0.0031463520}}

| align="center" | {{Cite web|title = Planetary Fact Sheet – Ratio to Earth|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/planet_table_ratio.html|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date = 2016-02-12}}

|-

| Jupiter

| {{val|1}}

| {{val|1}}

| by definition

|-

| Saturn

| {{val|3.3397683}}

| {{val|0.29942197}}

| align="center" | {{refn|name="sig fig"|group=note|Some of the values in this table are nominal values, derived from Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy and rounded using appropriate attention to significant figures, as recommended by the IAU Resolution B3.}}

|-

| Uranus

| {{val|21.867552}}

| {{val|0.045729856}}

| align="center" | {{refn|name="sig fig"|group=note}}

|-

| Neptune

| {{val|18.53467}}

| {{val|0.05395295}}

| align="center" | {{refn|name="sig fig"|group=note}}

|-

|Gliese 229B

|

| {{val|21|–|52.4}}

| align="center" | {{cite journal

|author1=White, Stephen M. |author2=Jackson, Peter D. |author3=Kundu, Mukul R. | title=A VLA survey of nearby flare stars

| journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

| volume=71 |date=December 1989

| pages=895–904 | doi=10.1086/191401 | bibcode=1989ApJS...71..895W}}

|-

| 51 Pegasi b

|

| {{val|0.472|0.039}}

| align="center" |{{Cite journal|arxiv=1504.05962|last1=Martins|first1=J. H. C.|title=Evidence for a spectroscopic direct detection of reflected light from 51 Peg b|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=576|issue=2015|pages=A134|last2=Santos|first2=N. C.|last3=Figueira|first3=P.|last4=Faria|first4=J. P.|last5=Montalto|first5=M.|last6=Boisse|first6=I|last7=Ehrenreich|first7=D.|last8=Lovis|first8=C|last9=Mayor|first9=M|last10=Melo|first10=C|last11=Pepe|first11=F.|last12=Sousa|first12=S. G.|last13=Udry|first13=S|last14=Cunha|first14=D.|display-authors=3|year=2015|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201425298|bibcode=2015A&A...576A.134M|s2cid=119224213 }}

|}

• Jupiter radius
• Hot Jupiter
• Orders of magnitude (mass)
• Planetary mass
• Solar mass

{{reflist|group=note}}

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{{Jupiter}}

Category:Units of mass

Category:Planetary science

Category:Units of measurement in astronomy