Jussive mood

Classical and Standard Arabic verbs conjugate for at least three distinct moods in the imperfect: indicative, subjunctive and jussive.{{cite book |last=Abu Chakra |first=Faruk |title=Arabic: An Essential Grammar |edition=2 |year=2018 |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |pages=291–293}}

The main use of this mood is in negative commands.

{{interlinear|lang=ar-Latn|indent=3

|top={{lang|ar|لا تأخذ ذلك اللحم}}

|lā ta’xudh dhālika l-laḥm

|not take.JUS.2SG.MASC that the-meat

|'Don't take that meat.'}}

The jussive form is also used in past tense sentences negated by {{lang|ar-Latn|lam}} {{lang|ar|لم}} (but not {{lang|ar-Latn|mā}} {{lang|ar|ما}}).

{{interlinear|lang=ar-Latn|indent=3

|top={{lang|ar|لم تأكل الدجاج}}

|lam ta’kuli d-dajāj

|not.PAST eat.JUS.3SG.FEM the-chicken

|'She didn't eat the chicken.'}}

The jussive mood can be expressed in Esperanto using the volitive verb form, which is made by adding -u to a verb stem.

: {{lang|eo|Iru!}} (Go!)

: {{lang|eo|Mi petis, ke li venu.}} (I asked him to come.)

: {{lang|eo|Li parolu.}} (Let him speak.)

: {{lang|eo|Ni iru.}} (Let's go.)

: {{lang|eo|Mia filino belu!}} (May my daughter be beautiful!)

While there is a separate imperative form in Finnish, the jussive mood is used for the third person, where the imperative is not suitable. The jussive's ending is {{lang|fi|-koon ~ -köön}} in the singular and {{lang|fi|-koot ~ -kööt}} in the plural. The jussive can be used to express speakers' positions or opinions that somebody is allowed to do something or that somebody is expected to do something.

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=fi|Eläköön!|let-he/she/it-live|Hooray!}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=fi|Noudattakoon|person-is-declared-to-obey|typical expression in legislative context}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=fi|Tapahtukoon tahtosi|let-it-happen your-will|let thy will be done}}

In the German language, the jussive mood is expressed using the present subjunctive (named {{Lang|de|Konjunktiv I}} or {{Lang|de|Möglichkeitsform I}} in German). It is typical of formal documents or religious texts, such as the Bible. Because it was more common in past centuries, it has often survived in proverbs:

{{interlinear|lang=de|indent=3

|Es kehre jeder vor seiner eigenen Tür.

|It sweep+SBJV+PRS+3S everyone {in front of} his own door

|Everyone should sweep in front of his own door (Everybody should mind his own business).}}

It is still common that recipes are written in jussive mood:

{{interlinear|lang=de|indent=3

|Man nehme drei Eier

|One take+SBJV+PRS+3S three eggs

|Take three eggs}}

Apart from that, jussive mood is still quite common in contemporary German. However, the pronouns he, she, and it might not be used directly; otherwise jussive would be mistaken for a dated form of courteous imperative. Instead, they will have to be replaced by "who", "someone", "everyone", "the new colleague" and so on:

{{interlinear|lang=de|indent=3

|Wer noch eine Karte braucht, melde sich bei mir

|Whoever still a ticket need+IND+PRS+3S, report+SBJV+PRS+3S self at me

|If someone still needs a ticket, just contact me.}}

Finally, an example for jussive that would have served as a courteous imperative when addressing people of lower, but not lowest, rank:

{{interlinear|lang=de|indent=3

|Komme Er her und helfe Er mir!

|come+SUBJ+SBJV+3S he here and help+SBJV+PRS+3S he me!

|Come over and help me!}}

Note that {{Lang|de|Er}} is written in capital letters here. Even if this construction is not used anymore in common German, it will be recognized as being an imperative (German Wikipedia lists the example {{Lang|de|Sei Er nicht so streng!}} as a historic form of an imperative).

For the non-aspectual verb forms, Hindi uses the subjunctive forms as imperatives for the formal 2nd person and the 3rd person singular and plural grammatical persons.{{Cite web |title=Third Person Imperatives |date=6 August 2013 |url=https://hindilanguage.info/notes/volume-4/third-person-imperatives/ |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618044229/https://hindilanguage.info/notes/volume-4/third-person-imperatives/ |url-status=live }}

;jussive mood - 2P formal

{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|indent=3|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|आप बैठे रहें

|aap baiṭhe rahein

|[you].DIR [sit].PTCP [stay].JUS

|You keep sitting!}}

;jussive mood - 3P singular

{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|indent=3

|वो आये और लेके जाये

|vo aaye aur leke jaaye

|[he/she].DEM [come].JUS [and] [take].CONJ [go].JUS

|(that) he come, take (it), and go!}}

;jussive mood - 3P plural

{{fs interlinear|lang=hi|indent=3|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|{ये लोग} वो काम अभी करें

|{ye log} vo kaam abhi karein

|[they].DEM [that].DEM [work].DIR [now].ADV [do].JUS

|(that) these people do that work now!}}

In the Latin language, the present subjunctive has a usage labelled the "jussive subjunctive" or {{lang|la|coniunctivus iussivus}} that expresses 3rd-person orders:{{cite book |title=New Latin Grammar |last=Bennett |first=Charles |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |location=Boston and Chicago |year=1918 |at=§ 275}}{{cite book |title=Lateinische Grammatik |language=de |last=Hanslik |first=Rudolf |publisher=Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky |location=Vienna |year=1950 |display-authors=etal}}{{page needed|date=June 2018}}

• {{lang|la|Adiuvet}} ("Let him help.")
• {{lang|la|Veniant}} ("Let them come.")

A jussive use of the present subjunctive is also attested for the second person in sayings and poetry, as well as in early Latin.{{cite book |title=Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges |publisher=Ginn and Company |page=279 |year=1903}}

• {{lang|la|iniurias fortunae [...] relinquas}} ("Leave behind [...] the wrongs of Fortune", saying from Cicero's {{lang|la|Tusculanae Disputationes}})
• {{lang|la|doceas iter}} ("Show us the way", poetry from Virgil's Aeneid)

The jussive mood in modern Russian serves as an imperative (for issuing orders, commanding or requesting), but covers third person instead of second person. It is always formed with a particle {{lang|ru|пусть}}, which is derived from the verb {{lang|ru|пускать}} (to let, to allow).

: Imperative: {{lang|ru|Беги!}} (Run!)

: Jussive: {{lang|ru|Пусть бежит}} (similar to Let him run)

The jussive mood in Turkish serves as an imperative (for issuing orders, commanding or requesting), but covers third person (both singular and plural) instead of second person. The negative, interrogative and negative-interrogative forms are also possible.

: Imperative: {{lang|tr|koş!}} (Run!)

: Jussive: {{lang|tr|koşsun!}} (similar to Let him/her run or he/she shall run)

: Jussive: {{lang|tr|koşsunlar!}} (similar to Let them run or they shall run)

: Imperative: {{lang|tr|koşma!}} (Don't run!)

: Jussive: {{lang|tr|koşmasın!}} (similar to Don't let him/her run or he/she shall not run)

: Jussive: {{lang|tr|koşmasınlar!}} (similar to Don't let them run or they shall not run)

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal

|first=Nina |last=Dobrushina |author-link=Nina Dobrushina

|title=What is the jussive for? A study of third person commands in six Caucasian Languages

|journal=Linguistics

|volume=50

|issue=1

|pages=1–25

|year=2012

|s2cid=146989136

|doi=10.1515/ling-2012-0001

}}

• {{cite journal

|first=Aaron |last=Bar-Adon

|year=1966

|title=New Imperative and Jussive Formations in Contemporary Hebrew

|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society

|volume=86

|issue=4

|pages=410–3

|doi=10.2307/596497

|jstor=596497

}}

• {{cite journal

|first=Harry M. |last=Orlinsky |author-link=Harry Orlinsky

|year=1941

|title=On the Cohortative and Jussive after an Imperative or Interjection in Biblical Hebrew

|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review

|volume=31

|issue=4

|pages=371–82

|doi=10.2307/1452235

|jstor=1452235

}}

• {{cite journal

|first=John |last=Huehnergard |author-link=John Huehnergard

|year=1987

|title=The Feminine Plural Jussive in Old Aramaic

|journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

|volume=137

|issue=2

|pages=266–77

|jstor=43379556

}}

• {{cite book

|first=F. R. |last=Palmer |author-link=Frank R. Palmer

|year=2001

|chapter=Imperative and Jussive

|pages=136–42

|chapter-url={{Google books|xKUvDFTARR8C|page=136|plainurl=yes}}

|title=Mood and Modality

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-80479-0

}}

{{Grammatical moods}}

{{Grammatical cases}}

Category:Grammatical moods