K–12

In Australia, P–12{{Cite web|url=http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/|title=P-12 curriculum, assessment and reporting framework|last=Training|first=Department of Education and|website=education.qld.gov.au|language=en|access-date=July 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804032347/http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/|archive-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=dead}} is sometimes used in place of K–12, particularly in Queensland, where it is used as an official term in the curriculum framework.[http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/ P–12 Curriculum Framework] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804032347/http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/ |date=August 4, 2014 }} – education.qld.gov.au. Retrieved December 5, 2011. P–12 schools serve children for the thirteen years from prep until Year 12,{{cite web |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/students/service/career/careered-why.html |title=Why is P–12 career education important? |year=2004 |publisher=Department of Education and Training (Queensland) |access-date=January 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215054257/http://education.qld.gov.au/students/service/career/careered-why.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2009 }} without including the separate kindergarten component.

In Canada (Nova Scotia), P–12 is used commonly in place of K–12 and serves students from grade Primary through 12.

U.S. public education was conceived of in the late 18th century. In 1790, Pennsylvania became the first state to require some form of free education for everyone regardless of whether they could afford it. New York passed similar legislation in 1805. In 1820, Massachusetts became the first state to create a tuition-free high school, Boston English.{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/federal-role-in-education-has-a-long-history-74807|title=Federal role in education has a long history |last=Hornbeck|first=Dustin|date=April 26, 2017|website=The Conversation |language=en|access-date=February 4, 2019}}

The first K–12 public school systems appeared in the early 19th century. In the 1830s and 1840s, Ohioans were taking a significant interest in the idea of public education. At that point in time, schools were commonly operated independently of each other, with little attempt at uniformity. The Akron School Law of 1847 changed this. The city of Akron unified the operations, curriculum and funding of local schools into a single public school district:

{{Quote|text=Under the Akron School Law, there was to be one school district encompassing the entire city. Within that district would be a number of elementary schools, with students divided into separate "grades" based on achievement. When enough demand existed, the school board would establish a high school as well. Property taxes would pay for the new school system. A school board, elected by the community, would make decisions about the system's management and hire the necessary professionals to run each school. Illustrating the racism that existed in Ohio during this era, the Akron School Law excluded African-American children from the public school system.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Akron_School_Law|title=Akron School Law {{!}} Ohio History Central|website=www.ohiohistorycentral.org/|language=en|access-date=February 4, 2019}}}}

In 1849, the state of Ohio enacted a law modeled after the Akron law which extended the idea of school districts to cover the rest of the state.

By 1930, all 48 states had passed laws making education compulsory, and in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which committed the federal government to significant ongoing expenditures to each state for the purpose of sustaining local K–12 school systems. The ESEA essentially made K–12 education the law of the land.

Since its inception, public K–12 has been debated and subject to several waves of reform throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. In the 1980s, Reagan's 'A Nation at Risk' initiative included provisions requiring public education to be evaluated based on standards, and teacher pay to be based on evaluations. In the 1990s, the Goals 2000 Act and the "Improving America's Schools" act provided additional federal funding to states to bolster local K–12 systems. This was followed in the 2000s by a rigorous uptick in standards-based evaluations with the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001 and the Race to the Top in 2009. In 2015, President Barack Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which returned some power to state governments with respect to evaluations and standards.{{Cite web|url=https://www.hoover.org/research/short-history-k-12-reform|title=Short History of K–12 Reform {{!}} Hoover Institute|last=Finn| first=Chester Jr. |date=March 14, 2013|website=www.hoover.org|language=en|access-date=February 4, 2019}}

File:US-K12.gif

The expression "K–12" is a shortening of kindergarten (K) for 5–6 year olds through twelfth grade (12) for 17–18 year-olds, as the first and last grades,

respectively, of free education{{Cite web|url=https://www.k12.com/|title=Online Education Programs & Schooling {{!}} K12|website=K12|language=en|access-date=July 23, 2018}} in these countries. The related term "P–12" is also occasionally used in Australia and the United States to refer to the sum of K–12 plus preschool education.[http://cooranbong.heritage.edu.au/our_school Heritage College Cooranbong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723011412/http://cooranbong.heritage.edu.au/our_school |date=July 23, 2011 }}, NSW, Australia{{Cite web |url= http://www.ed.gov/category/keyword/p-12 |title= P–12 {{!}} US Department of Education |access-date= September 16, 2016}}

The accompanying image illustrates the education system in the United States. The table shows the progression of the education system starting with the basic K–12 system then progressing through post-secondary education. K–14 refers to K–12 plus two years of post-secondary where training was received from vocational-technical institutions or community or junior colleges. K–16 is 12 years of compulsory education plus a 4-year undergrad program. The K numbers refer to the years of educational attainment and continues to progress upward accordingly depending on the degree being sought.{{cite web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/figures/fig_01.asp|title=Digest of Education Statistics, 2012|website=nces.ed.gov|access-date=February 5, 2018}}

The term is often used as a kind of shorthand to collectively refer to the entirety of primary and secondary education, as it is much easier than having to say one is referring in the aggregate to elementary, middle, and high school education. However, it is rare for a school district to actually teach all K–12 grades at one unified school campus. Even the smallest school districts try to maintain, at a minimum, a two-tier distinction between an elementary school (K–8) and a high school (9–12). Unified K–12 schools are common, however, in rural and remote areas throughout Canada. The terms "PK–12", "PreK–12", or "Pre-K–12" are sometimes used to add pre-kindergarten.

In school website URLs, the term also appears in the form "k12" (no punctuation),{{cite web |last1=Albano |first1=Jessica |title=Domain Names |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/jalbano/domain_names.html |website=UW Faculty Web Server: Jessica Albano |access-date=25 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716134631/https://faculty.washington.edu/jalbano/domain_names.html |archive-date=16 July 2020 |date=11 June 2000 |url-status=live}} generally used before the country code top-level domain (or in the United States, the state's second-level domain).{{cite web |last1=Koehler |first1=Wallace C., Jr. |title=A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF WEB DOCUMENT DEMOGRAPHICS: A First Look at Language, Domain Names, and Taxonomy in Latin America |url=http://web.simmons.edu/~chen/nit/NIT'96/96-159-Koehler.html |website=New Information Technology |access-date=25 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317072832/http://web.simmons.edu/~chen/nit/NIT'96/96-159-Koehler.html |archive-date=17 March 2010 |date=1996 |quote=The .k12 domain name is not used as a second-level domain name elsewhere, but often occurs as a third-level domain name (e.g. k12.ca.us). |url-status=live}}

In marketing, the term is also used by American multinationals selling into the educational sector,{{Cite web|url=https://www.technavio.com/blog/top-14-companies-in-the-smart-education-and-elearning-industry|title=Top 14 Companies in the Smart Education and eLearning Industry {{!}} Technavio|website=www.technavio.com|language=en-US|access-date=July 23, 2018}} such as Dell where UK customers are presented with this as a market segment choice.{{cite web |title=K-12 Security Transformation |url=https://www.dell.com/en-uk/lp/dt/industry-k12-ed-security-transformation |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=25 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225205545/https://www.dell.com/en-uk/lp/dt/industry-k12-ed-security-transformation |archive-date=25 February 2025 |date=21 December 2023 |url-status=live}}

{{see also|K–16 (education movement)}}

K–14 education also includes community colleges (the first two years of university). K–16 education{{Cite news|url=https://hechingerreport.org/we-need-a-k-16-education-system/|title=Why we need a K–16 education system - The Hechinger Report|date=May 11, 2010|work=The Hechinger Report|access-date=July 23, 2018|language=en-US}} adds a four-year undergraduate university degree. For simplicity purposes, education shorthand was created to denote specific education levels of achievement. This shorthand is commonly used in articles, publications and educational legislation. The following list contains the most commonly found shorthand descriptors:

• P–14: Pre-school to associate degree
• P–16: Pre-school to bachelor's degree
• P–18: Pre-school to master's degree
• P–20: Pre-school to graduate degree
• K–14: Kindergarten to associate degree
• K–16: Kindergarten to bachelor's degree
• K–18: Kindergarten to master's degree
• K–20: Kindergarten to graduate degree

The Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit of the California Community College Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems.{{cite web |url=http://www.cccco.edu/divisions/esed/cte/cte.htm |title=Educational Services-CTE |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017001644/http://cccco.edu/divisions/esed/cte/cte.htm |archive-date=October 17, 2007 }} http://www.desertcolleges.org/Faculty/Career.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204721/http://www.desertcolleges.org/Faculty/Career.htm |date=October 29, 2013 }}

The ASCCC Chancellor's Office Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkeleycitycollege.edu/wp/cte/home/cte-community-collaborative/|title=CTE Community Collaborative : Career Technical Education (CTE)|website=www.berkeleycitycollege.edu|language=en-US|access-date=July 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064412/http://www.berkeleycitycollege.edu/wp/cte/home/cte-community-collaborative/|archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=dead}} of the Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems. Responsible for the implementation of the Vocational and Technical Education Act (VTEA), managing and coordinating activities that impact other interagency and intra-agency objectives. In addition, the CTE Unit is also responsible for the development, dissemination, and implementation of the California State Plan and the annual performance reports.{{cite web|url=http://www.asccc.org/resources/links |title=Links to Other Resources | ASCCC |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908032309/http://www.asccc.org/resources/links |archive-date=September 8, 2012 }}

Further reference to K–18 education can be found in this publication by Ann Diver-Stamnes and Linda Catelli{{cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/commitment-to-excellence-ann-c-diver-stamnes/1005154377|title=Commitment to Excellence: Transforming Teaching and Teacher Education in Inner-City and Urban Settings|author=Barnes & Noble|website=Barnes & Noble|access-date=February 5, 2018}} in chapter 4 "College/University Partnership Projects for Instituting Change and Improvement in K–18 Education".

{{Portal|Education}}

• All-through school
• Day care
• K–12 education in the United States

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{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal | last = Williams | first = Juliet A. | title = Girls can be anything... but boys will be boys: discourses of sex difference in education reform debates | journal = Nevada Law Journal| volume = 13 | issue = 2 | page = 12 | publisher = William S. Boyd School of Law | url = http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/12 | date = 2013 }}

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Category:Educational years

Category:Educational stages

Category:Education in North America