KAI Commuter Cikarang Loop Line

{{Short description|Commuter rail line in Indonesia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}{{distinguish|Bekasi Line (Greater Jakarta LRT)}}{{Infobox rail line

| box_width = auto

| name = {{Large|Cikarang Commuter Line}}
Cikarang Loop Line

| color = 26baed

| logo = File:Jakarta KRL C.svg

| logo_width = 35

| image = Cikarang Loop Line Train Entering Kampung Bandan Station.jpg

| image_width = 300px

| caption = The 205 series EMU stopped at Kampung Bandan station

| type = Commuter rail

| system = KRL Commuterline

| stations = 27

| status = Operational

| start = {{rws|Angke}}
{{rws|Kampung Bandan}}

| end = {{rws|Bekasi}}
{{rws|Cikarang}}

| routes =

| depot = Bukit Duri (BUD)

| linelength = {{convert|91|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/10/06/cikarang-commuter-line-service-to-start-this-weekend.html|title=Cikarang commuter line service to start this weekend|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=6 October 2017}}

| locale = West Jakarta
Central Jakarta
South Jakarta
East Jakarta
North Jakarta
Bekasi
Bekasi Regency

| open = 1924 {{refn|group=N.|Electrified between Jakarta Kota/Tanjung Priok-Jatinegara section.}}
1992 {{refn|group=N.|electrified between Jatinegara-Bekasi section}}
2017 {{refn|group=N.|electrified between Bekasi-Cikarang section}}
28 May 2022 (present line)

| stock = 203 series
205 series
Tokyo Metro 05 series
Tokyo Metro 6000 series
Tokyo Metro 7000 series
Tokyu 8000 series
Tokyu 8500 series
SFC120-V Series

| gauge = {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}}

| electrification = {{1,500 V DC}} overhead line

| tracks = Double-track
Quadruple-track

| speed = {{cvt|75-95|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}

| conductionsystem =

| operator = {{ric|KAI Commuter|name=y}}

| close = 27 May 2022
(Jakarta Kota-Manggarai section)

| owner = {{ric|KAI|name=y}}

| website = http://www.krl.co.id/

| map =

| map_state = collapsed

}}

{{KA Commuter Line Jakarta Kota–Cikarang RDT}}

The Cikarang Loop Line (formerly Bekasi Line and Cikarang Line), officially the Cikarang Commuter Line, is a commuter rail line in Jakarta, Indonesia which is operated by PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia (KCI). The line connects Kampung Bandan station in North Jakarta and Cikarang station in Cikarang, Bekasi Regency, West Java. On maps and diagrams, the line is shown using the color "blue" ({{Color box|#26baed}}). Jakarta Kota–Cikarang is the extension of previously Jakarta Kota–Bekasi line which connects to Cikarang since 8 October 2017.{{cite news | title = Menhub resmikan KRL lintas Bekasi-Cikarang | date = 7 October 2017 | work = Antaranews.com | author = Ahmad Wijaya| url = http://www.antaranews.com/berita/657063/menhub-resmikan-krl-lintas-bekasi-cikarang | language = id}}

As of 2015, the line is the third-busiest line in the KA Commuter system, after red line and yellow line.{{Cite web|url=http://regional.kontan.co.id/news/komuter-bogor-jakarta-mendominasi-krl|title=Komuter Bogor–Jakarta mendominasi KRL|website=kontan.co.id|date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2016-04-29}}{{Cite web|title = KRL Commuterline to introduce 12-car trains on busy Bogor and Bekasi lines|url = http://jakarta.coconuts.co/2015/08/05/krl-commuterline-introduce-12-car-trains-busy-bogor-and-bekasi-lines|website = Coconuts Jakarta|access-date = 2015-12-09}}

Before 28 May 2022, there used to be two routes operating between Jakarta Kota and Bekasi. One serves via Manggarai and other one via Pasar Senen.{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/03/28/bekasi-krl-to-change-route-via-pasar-senen-to-jakarta-kota-next-month.html|title=Bekasi KRL to change route via Pasar Senen to Jakarta Kota next month}} Line and stations between Jakarta Kota and Manggarai were shared with the Jakarta Kota–Bogor line.

KAI Commuter announced on 21 May 2022 that the line will be renamed as Cikarang Loop Line with new abbreviation (C) by 28 May 2022, as part of Manggarai station upgrade. The line ceased operating to Jakarta Kota and no longer serves Jakarta KotaManggarai segment, which is served exclusively by the Bogor Line. Trains from Bekasi or Cikarang arriving at Jatinegara now continue through city loop previously used by Loop Line, clockwise or counterclockwise, and then return to Bekasi or Cikarang. Several trains end their journey at Angke or Kampung Bandan without looping.{{Cite web |last=@commuterline |author-link=KAI Commuter |last2=@ditjenperkeretaapian |date=2022-05-21 |title=Ingatkah #RekanCommuters akan rencana pengembangan Stasiun Manggarai menjadi Stasiun Sentral? Hal tersebut kedepannya akan terjadi dengan… |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CdzkZCgJbPA/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Instagram |language=en}} In response to passenger congestion at Manggarai, a feeder service serving ManggaraiAngke/Kampung Bandan portion of the line was introduced on 30 May 2022 to minimise waiting time.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Stasiun Manggarai Padat, KAI Commuter Bakal Tambah 6 Kereta Tambahan di Jam Sibuk |url=https://www.inews.id/index.php/news/megapolitan/stasiun-manggarai-padat-kai-commuter-bakal-tambah-6-kereta-tambahan-di-jam-sibuk |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=iNews.ID |language=id}}

Route patterns

= Main line =

There are eight main service patterns of the line.

class="wikitable"

|+

!Service pattern

!Route

!Listed as

!Stations served

Cikarang full racket, counterclockwise

|

  • Departing: Cikarang → Bekasi → Jatinegara
  • First-half loop: Jatinegara → Pasar Senen → Kampung Bandan
  • Second-half loop: Kampung Bandan → Manggarai → Jatinegara
  • Terminating: Jatinegara → Bekasi → Cikarang

|

  • Departing to first-half loop: "Kampung Bandan via Pasar Senen"
  • Second-half loop to terminating: "Cikarang via Manggarai"

|

  • 14 stations of the loop (unidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
  • 5 stations from Bekasi Timur to Cikarang (bidirectional)
Bekasi full racket, counterclockwise

|

  • Departing: Bekasi → Jatinegara
  • First-half loop: Jatinegara → Pasar Senen → Kampung Bandan
  • Second-half loop: Kampung Bandan → Manggarai → Jatinegara
  • Terminating: Jatinegara → Bekasi

|

  • Departing to first-half loop: "Kampung Bandan via Pasar Senen"
  • Second-half loop to terminating: "Bekasi via Manggarai"

|

  • 14 stations of the loop (unidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
Cikarang full racket, clockwise

|

  • Departing: Cikarang → Bekasi → Jatinegara
  • First-half loop: Jatinegara → Manggarai → Kampung Bandan
  • Second-half loop: Kampung Bandan → Gang Sentiong (excluding Pasar Senen) → Jatinegara
  • Terminating: Jatinegara → Bekasi → Cikarang

|

  • Departing to first-half loop: "Kampung Bandan via Manggarai"
  • Second-half loop to terminating: "Cikarang"

|

  • 13 stations of the loop (excluding Pasar Senen, unidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
  • 5 stations from Bekasi Timur to Cikarang (bidirectional)
Bekasi full racket, clockwise

|

  • Departing: Bekasi → Jatinegara
  • First-half loop: Jatinegara → Manggarai → Kampung Bandan
  • Second-half loop: Kampung Bandan → Gang Sentiong (excluding Pasar Senen) → Jatinegara
  • Terminating: Jatinegara → Bekasi

|

  • Departing to first-half loop: "Kampung Bandan via Manggarai"
  • Second-half loop to terminating: "Bekasi"

|

  • 13 stations of the loop (excluding Pasar Senen, unidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
Cikarang half racket (Angke), clockwise

|

  • Towards Angke: Cikarang → Bekasi → Jatinegara → Manggarai → Angke
  • Towards Cikarang: Angke → Manggarai → Jatinegara → Bekasi → Cikarang

|

  • Towards Angke: "Angke via Manggarai"
  • Towards Cikarang: "Cikarang via Manggarai"

|

  • 7 stations of the loop (from Matraman to Angke, bidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
  • 5 stations from Bekasi Timur to Cikarang (bidirectional)
Bekasi half racket (Angke), clockwise

|

  • Towards Angke: Bekasi → Jatinegara → Manggarai → Angke
  • Towards Bekasi: Angke → Manggarai → Jatinegara → Bekasi

|

  • Towards Angke: "Angke via Manggarai"
  • Towards Bekasi: "Bekasi via Manggarai"

|

  • 7 stations of the loop (from Matraman to Angke, bidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
Cikarang half racket (Kampung Bandan), clockwise

|

  • Towards Kampung Bandan: Cikarang → Bekasi → Jatinegara → Manggarai → Kampung Bandan
  • Towards Cikarang: Kampung Bandan → Manggarai → Jatinegara → Bekasi → Cikarang

|

  • Towards Kampung Bandan: "Kampung Bandan via Manggarai"
  • Towards Cikarang: "Cikarang via Manggarai"

|

  • 8 stations of the loop (from Matraman to Kampung Bandan, bidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
  • 5 stations from Bekasi Timur to Cikarang (bidirectional)
Bekasi half racket (Kampung Bandan), clockwise

|

  • Towards Kampung Bandan: Bekasi → Jatinegara → Manggarai → Kampung Bandan
  • Towards Bekasi: Kampung Bandan → Manggarai → Jatinegara → Bekasi

|

  • Towards Kampung Bandan: "Kampung Bandan via Manggarai"
  • Towards Bekasi: "Bekasi via Manggarai"

|

  • 8 stations of the loop (from Matraman to Kampung Bandan, bidirectional)
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)

= Jakarta Kota branch line =

In addition, there are two minority services serving Jakarta Kota that only operates at certain times outside of rush hour (such as midnight and early hours) and is not officially acknowledged on the map.

class="wikitable"

|+

!Service pattern

!Route

!Listed as

!Stations served

Cikarang half racket (Jakarta Kota), counterclockwise

|

  • Towards Jakarta Kota: Cikarang → Bekasi → Jatinegara → Pasar Senen → Kampung Bandan → Jakarta Kota
  • Towards Cikarang: Jakarta Kota → Kampung Bandan → Gang Sentiong (excluding Pasar Senen) → Jatinegara → Bekasi → Cikarang

|

  • Towards Jakarta Kota: "Jakarta Kota via Pasar Senen"
  • Towards Cikarang: "Cikarang"

|

  • 6 stations of the loop (bidirectional)
  • Pasar Senen, station of the loop (unidirectional)
  • Jakarta Kota
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)
  • 5 stations from Bekasi Timur to Cikarang
Bekasi half racket (Jakarta Kota), counterclockwise

|

  • Towards Jakarta Kota: Bekasi → Jatinegara → Pasar Senen → Kampung Bandan → Jakarta Kota
  • Towards Bekasi: Jakarta Kota → Kampung Bandan → Gang Sentiong (excluding Pasar Senen) → Jatinegara → Bekasi

|

  • Towards Jakarta Kota: "Jakarta Kota via Pasar Senen"
  • Towards Bekasi: "Bekasi"

|

  • 6 stations of the loop (bidirectional)
  • Pasar Senen, station of the loop (unidirectional)
  • Jakarta Kota
  • 7 stations from Jatinegara to Bekasi (bidirectional)

Note: Pasar Senen is one-way only for counterclockwise trains heading towards Kampung Bandan or Jakarta Kota. Train heading towards Bekasi or Cikarang does not stop at this station regardless of which service pattern it belongs to.

Stations

= Main line =

class="wikitable"

|+

! colspan="2" |{{rint|jakarta|blue}} Station

! colspan="2" style="width: 5em;" |Distance (km)

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Transfers

! rowspan="2" |City

! rowspan="2" |Province

Code

!Name

!From previous

station

!From Jakarta

Termini

{{JakRSN|C|15}}

|Jatinegara

| -

|0.0

|

|Loop intersection and nominal Jakarta terminus. Trains going clockwise (via Manggarai) will head to Matraman, while those going counterclockwise (via Pasar Senen) will head to Pondok Jati

{{rint|id|rail}} Jatinegara

{{rint|jakarta|tjk10}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Flyover Jatinegara

{{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Stasiun Jatinegara

| rowspan="2" |East Jakarta

| rowspan="23" |Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|01}}

|Pondok Jati

|1.236

|1.236

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|02}}

|Kramat

|1.829

|3.065

|

|

| rowspan="5" |Central Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|03}}

|Gang Sentiong

|0.973

|4.038

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|04}}

|Pasar Senen

|1.567

|5.605

|

|Normal stop (counterclockwise)

Pass-through (clockwise)

{{rint|id|rail}} Pasar Senen

File:Jakarta MRT East West Line.png Senen (planned)

{{rint|jakarta|tjk2}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk2a}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk7f}} {{Rint|Jakarta|tjk14}} Senen Toyota Rangga

{{rint|jakarta|tjk5}} Senen Sentral

File:JakIcon_Bus.svg Senen Bus Terminal (via short walk)

{{JakRSN|C|05}}

|Kemayoran

|1.436

|7.041

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|06}}

|Rajawali

|1.901

|8.942

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|07}} {{JakRSN|TP|02}}

|Kampung Bandan

|1.444

|10.386

|{{rint|jakarta|pink}}

|Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|pink}}

Terminus of some clockwise half-racket services (full-racket trains will continue through the loop on its direction)

| rowspan="1" |North Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|08}}

|Angke

|4.102

|13.540

|

|Terminus of some clockwise half-racket services (full-racket trains will continue through the loop on its direction)

| rowspan="2" |West Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|09}} {{JakRSN|T|01}} {{JakRSN|A|03}}

|Duri

|1.230

|14.770

|{{rint|jakarta|brown}}{{rint|jakarta|arl}}

|Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|brown}} or {{rint|jakarta|arl}}

{{JakRSN|C|10}} {{JakRSN|R|01}}

|Tanah Abang

| style="text-align: right;" |3.632

| style="text-align: right;" |18.402

|{{rint|jakarta|green}}

|Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|green}}File:Jakarta MRT East West Line.png Cideng (planned)

| rowspan="5" |Central Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|11a}}

|Karet

| style="text-align: right;" |2.029

| style="text-align: right;" |20.431

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|11}} {{JakRSN|A|02}}

|BNI City

| colspan="2" style="text-align: right;" |

|{{rint|jakarta|arl}}

|Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|arl}}

{{JakRSN|C|12}}

|Sudirman

| style="text-align: right;" |0.811

| style="text-align: right;" |21.242

|

|{{rint|jakarta|m1}} {{mrts|Dukuh Atas BNI}}

{{rint|Jakarta|l1}} {{rint|jakarta|l3}} Dukuh Atas

{{rint|jakarta|tjk1}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk6b}} Dukuh Atas

{{rint|jakarta|tjk4}} {{Rail-interchange|jakarta|tjk6}} Galunggung

|Mampang

| colspan="2" style="text-align: right;" |

| colspan="2" |Ghost station

{{JakRSN|C|13}} {{JakRSN|B|09}} {{JakRSN|A|01}}

|Manggarai

| style="text-align: right;" |3.186

| style="text-align: right;" |24.428

|{{rint|jakarta|red}}{{rint|jakarta|arl}}

|Some trains (feeder train) end here

Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|red}} or {{rint|jakarta|arl}}

{{rint|id|rail}} Manggarai (U/C)

{{rint|jakarta|s}} Manggarai (U/C)

{{rint|jakarta|tjk4}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk4d}} Manggarai

File:JakIcon_Bus.svg Manggarai Bus Terminal (via short walk)

|South Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|14}}

|Matraman

|

|

|

|{{rint|jakarta|tjk5}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk5c}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk5d}} Matraman Baru

| rowspan="7" |East Jakarta

{{JakRSN|C|15}}

|Jatinegara

| style="text-align: right;" |2.6

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|{{rint|id|rail}} Jatinegara

{{rint|jakarta|tjk10}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Flyover Jatinegara

{{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Stasiun Jatinegara

|Cipinang

| colspan="2" style="text-align: right;" |

|

| Ghost station (Converted into a train depot)

{{JakRSN|C|16}}

|Klender

| style="text-align: right;" |3.4

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|{{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Stasiun Klender

{{JakRSN|C|17}}

|Buaran

| style="text-align: right;" |3.1

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|{{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Simpang Buaran

{{JakRSN|C|18}}

|Klender Baru

| style="text-align: right;" |1.3

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|19}}

|Cakung

| style="text-align: right;" |1.3

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|{{rint|jakarta|tjk11}} Pulo Gebang

File:JakIcon_Bus.svg Pulogebang Bus Terminal (via 12 minutes' walk)

{{JakRSN|C|20}}

|Kranji

| style="text-align: right;" |3.1

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|

| rowspan="3" |Bekasi

| rowspan="7" |West Java

{{JakRSN|C|21}}

|Bekasi

| style="text-align: right;" |2.5

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|Some trains terminate here

{{rint|id|rail}} Bekasi

{{JakRSN|C|22}}

|Bekasi Timur

| style="text-align: right;" |

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|File:JakIcon_Bus.svg Bekasi Bus Terminal (via short walk)

{{JakRSN|C|23}}

|Tambun

| style="text-align: right;" |

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|Some trains terminate here

| rowspan="4" |Bekasi Regency

{{JakRSN|C|24}}

|Cibitung

| style="text-align: right;" |

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|25}}

|Metland Telagamurni

| style="text-align: right;" |

| style="text-align: right;" |

|

|

{{JakRSN|C|26}}

|Cikarang

| style="text-align: right;" |

| style="text-align: right;" |

|{{RouteBox|LW|Walahar Commuter Line|grey}} {{RouteBox|LJ|Jatiluhur Commuter Line|black}}

|Terminal station

Interchange station to {{RouteBox|LW|Walahar Commuter Line|grey}} or {{RouteBox|LJ|Jatiluhur Commuter Line|black}} {{rint|id|rail}} Cikarang

File:Jakarta MRT East West Line.png Cikarang (planned)

= Jakarta Kota branch line =

While not officially shown in maps, there are some trains from Cikarang or Bekasi operating to Jakarta Kota via Pasar Senen (vice versa) in revenue service. This was arranged in order to maintain regular exchange of rollingstock with other lines. The branch line operate outside peak hours, such as midnight or early hours.{{Cite web |last=KAI Commuter |date=2022 |title=Jadwal Web update gapeka SO Manggarai |url=https://www.krl.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Jadwal-Web-update-gapeka-SO-Manggarai.pdf}}

class="wikitable"

|+

! rowspan="2" |{{rint|jakarta|blue}} Station

! colspan="2" style="width: 5em;" |Distance (km)

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Transfers/ Notes

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Location

From previous

station

!From Jakarta

Termini

Jakarta Kota

| style="text-align: right;" | -

| style="text-align: right;" |0.0

|{{rint|jakarta|pink}}{{rint|jakarta|red}}

|Terminal station

Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|pink}} or {{rint|jakarta|red}}

{{rint|id|rail}} Jakarta Kota

{{rint|jakarta|m1}} Kota (U/C)

{{rint|jakarta|tjk1}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk3h}} {{rint|jakarta|tjk12}} Kota

| rowspan="1" |West Jakarta

| rowspan="2" |Jakarta

Kampung Bandan

| style="text-align: right;" |

| style="text-align: right;" |

|{{rint|jakarta|pink}}

|Interchange station to {{rint|jakarta|blue}} main line or {{rint|jakarta|pink}}

{{rint|jakarta|m1}} Mangga Dua (planned)

| rowspan="1" |North Jakarta

colspan="7" |From Kampung Bandan onward rejoins main {{rint|jakarta|blue}} Cikarang Loop Line via Pasar Senen

Rolling stock

=Past rolling stock=

Accidents and incidents

= Pre-2011 route and services reform =

  • On 27 June 1928, a Westinghouse EMU of the State Electric Railway (then still under Dutch East Indies colonial rule) from the direction of Kemayoran station overran the terminating tracks of Batavia Noord station, hitting a horse-drawn carriage on the road beside the station. No human casualty reported {{Cite web|last=buitenzorg|date=2017-03-13|title=De laatste halte|url=https://javapost.nl/2017/03/13/de-laatste-halte/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Java Post|language=nl}}
  • On 18 July 2007, a KRL Holec train trainset no. KL3-97228F running KA 423 (Economy) bound for Jakarta Kota was hit from behind by a locomotive being sent to Pasar Senen to carry KA 120 Jayabaya while stopping at Pondokjati station. No injury reported. The KRL set was able to continue its journey without further incident. {{Cite book|last=KNKT|url=http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2007/Laporan%20Akhir%20KNKT-07-07-07-02-A.pdf|title=Railway Accident Investigation Report on Crash between CC20101/R Locomotive and KA 423/KRL at KM10+630 Pondokjati stop on Track Segment between Jatinegara station and Pasar Senen station, SCR Jakarta|publisher=Ministry of Transport (Indonesia)|year=2007|location=Jakarta}}
  • On 30 October 2008, a former Toei 6000 set number 6181F train bound for Jakarta Kota via Pasar Senen variant of the line (at the time being the main route for this line) as KA 421 AC Economy class train was hit from behind by Antaboga 1001 freight train on a track segment between Kemayoran and Kampung Bandan stations. {{Cite book|last=KNKT|date=2012|url=http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2008/Laporan%20Akhir%20KNKT-08-10-08-02.pdf|title=Laporan Hasil Investigasi Kecelakaan Kereta Api Tumburan KA 1001 Antaboga dengan KA 421 KRL Ekonomi KM 1+700 Petak Jalan antara St. Kemayoran - St. Kampung Bandan, DKI Jakarta, Daop 1 Jakarta, 30 Oktober 2008|location=Jakarta|publisher=Kementerian Perhubungan|archive-date=25 May 2021|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525130851/http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2008/Laporan%20Akhir%20KNKT-08-10-08-02.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Notes

{{reflist|group="N."}}

References

{{reflist}}