Kadar dialect

{{short description|Dargin dialect}}

{{For|the Dravidian language|Kadar language}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Kadar

| familycolor = caucasian

| nativename = {{lang|dar|Гъадаран лугъат}} {{transliteration|dar|G'adaran lug'at}}

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[ʁadaran]}}

| states = Russia

| region = Dagestan

| ethnicity = 18,000 Kadar Dargins (2019–2024)

| speakers = 18,000

| date = 2019–2024

| ref = {{Cite web |title=Кадарский язык {{!}} Малые языки России |url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/lang/kadarskiy-yazyk |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=minlang.iling-ran.ru}}

| dia1 = Kadar

| dia2 = Karamakhi

| dia3 = Chankurbe

| isoexception = dialect

| fam1 = Northeast Caucasian

| fam2 = Dargin

| fam3 = North-Central

| fam4 = North Dargwa

| glotto = kada1294

| glottoname = Kadarskij

| mapcaption = {{legend inline|#bde2e8|North Dargwa}}, with Kadar at the top left of the map

| map = Dargwa_map_%28Koryakov%29_2021.png

| speakers2 = 9,000 (2006){{Cite book |last=Kori︠a︡kov |first=I︠U︡ B. |title=Atlas kavkazskikh i︠a︡zykov: s prilozheniem polnogo reestra i︠a︡zykov |date=2006 |publisher=Piligrim |others=Institut i︠a︡zykoznanii︠a︡ (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk) |isbn=978-5-9900772-1-8 |location=Moskva}}

}}

The Kadar dialect ({{transliteration|dar|G'adaran lug'at}} / {{lang|dar|Гъадаран лугъат}}) is a dialect of the North Dargwa language, one of the Dargin languages, which is characterized by specific phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic features. It is traditionally regarded as a single dialect of Dargwa.{{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=Helma van den |title=Dargi folktales : oral stories from the Caucasus with an introduction to Dargi grammar |date=2001 |publisher=Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Universiteit Leiden |location=Leiden |isbn=9057890666}}{{Cite book |author-last=Коряков |author-first=Юрий |title=Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди |publisher=Буки Веди |year=2021 |isbn=978-5-6045633-5-9 |editor-last1=Майсак |editor-first1=Т. А. |pages=139–154 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова |chapter=Даргинские языки и их классификация |trans-chapter=Dargwa languages and their classification |type= |format= |editor-last2=Сумбатова |editor-first2=Н. Р. |editor-last3=Тестелец |editor-first3=Я. Г. |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/50908006}} The vocabulary layer of the Kadar dialect includes words borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Russian and especially Turkic, due to contact with Kumyk.{{cite journal |last1=Vagizieva |first1=Naida A. |last2=Temirbulatova |first2=Sapiyahanum M. |title=ТЮРКИЗМЫ В КАДАРСКОМ ДИАЛЕКТЕ ДАРГИНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА |journal=Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences |date=30 October 2016 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–89 |doi=10.22162/2075-7794-2016-25-3-83-89 |issn=2075-7794 |url=http://kigiran.com/pubs/index.php/vestnik/article/view/666 |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=Turkisms in the Kadar Dialect of the Dargin Language|url-access=subscription }}

Phonology

Kadar has 39 consonants and 5 vowels.{{Cite web |date= |title=Салим Герейбеков КАДАРСКИЙ ДИАЛЕКТ ДАРГИНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА |url=https://infourok.ru/salim-gereybekov-kadarskiy-dialekt-darginskogo-yazika-3094739.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205195516/https://infourok.ru/salim-gereybekov-kadarskiy-dialekt-darginskogo-yazika-3094739.html |archive-date=2019-12-05 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=infourok.ru}} Gemination does not occur, as in other Dargin languages, but there are labialized consonants, being {{IPAblink|gʷ}} and {{IPAblink|kʷ}}.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+

colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Labial

! colspan="2" |Dental

! rowspan="2" |Postalveolar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! rowspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Uvular

! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal/
Epiglottal

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

align="center" class="small"

! plain

! sib.

align="center"

! colspan="2" | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

align="center"

! rowspan="3" | Plosive/
Affricate

! voiced

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

|

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| {{IPA link|ɢ}}

| {{IPA link|ʡ}}

|

align="center"

! voiceless

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|t͡s}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|q}}

|

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

align="center"

! ejective

| {{IPA link|pʼ}}

| {{IPA link|tʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡sʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}}

|

| {{IPA link|kʼ}}

| {{IPA link|qʼ}}

|

|

align="center"

! rowspan="2" | Fricative

! voiced

| {{IPA link|v}}

| {{IPA link|z}}

|

| {{IPA link|ʒ}}

|({{IPA link|ʝ}})

|

| {{IPA link|ʁ}}

|

|

voiceless

|{{IPA link|f}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|{{IPA link|ç}}

|

|{{IPA link|χ}}

|{{IPA link|ħ}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

align="center"

! colspan="2" | Sonorant

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

|

|

|

Morphology

= Case =

Kadar has less cases than other Dargin languages.{{Cite journal |last=Mutalov |first=R. O. |last2=Bagamaeva |first2=M. S. |date=2019 |title=The declension and case system in the Kadar language |url=http://libartrus.com/en/archive/2019/5/4/ |journal=Liberal Arts in Russia |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=343 |doi=10.15643/libartrus-2019.5.4|doi-access=free }}

References