Kagnew Battalion

{{Short description|Military unit of the Ethiopian Imperial Army, fought in Korean War}}

{{Infobox military unit

| unit_name = 1st, 2nd and 3rd Kagnew Battalions

| image = Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg

| image_size = 200px

| caption = Ethiopian soldiers with the Kagnew Battalion, 7th Inf. Div. in Korea, 1953

| dates = 1951–1965

| country = {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire}}

| allegiance = {{flag|United Nations}}

| branch = Army

| type = Infantry
Battalion

| role =

| size = 6,037 soldiers in total{{cite news |title=Ethiopia: Association to Commemorate 61st of Korean War |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204260161.html |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=allAfrica |agency=Ethiopian News Agency |date=25 April 2012 |location=Addis Ababa}}

| command_structure = US 7th Infantry Division

| garrison =

| garrison_label =

| nickname =

| patron = Emperor Haile Selassie I

| unofficial motto =

| colors =

| colors_label =

| march =

| mascot =

| equipment =

| equipment_label =

| battles = {{tree list}}

Korean War
{{tree list/final branch}}Battle of Pork Chop Hill

| anniversaries =

| decorations = US Presidential Unit Citation

| battle_honours =

| disbanded =

| notable_commanders = Col. Kebbede Guebre {{Cite web|url=http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/topics/national_archives_103.htm|title=Korean War Educator: Topics - National Archives Records - RIP 103|website=www.koreanwar-educator.org}}

Capt Mamo Habtewold

}}

The Kagnew Battalions ({{langx|am|ቃኘው}}) were a number of military units from the Imperial Ethiopian Army which fought as part of United Nations Command in the Korean War (1950–53). The battalions rotated yearly, with the First Kagnew Battalion arriving at the front in 1951. The Third Kagnew Battalion which arrived in 1953, stayed through the signing of the armistice into 1954. Over the next two years more Ethiopians guarded the stalemate in Korea as part of the Fourth Kagnew Battalion and the Fifth Kagnew Company. Even though some publications indicate Ethiopians remained in Korea until 1965, in fact they remained a part of the United Nations Command until 1975.{{Cite book|title=The Emperor's Own : The History of the Ethiopian Imperial Bodyguard Battalion in the Korean War|last=Abebe, Dagmawi|isbn=9781912866311|location=Warwick, England|oclc=1112377558|date = 2019-10-19}} Members of Kagnew Battalion were, with few exceptions, drawn from the Ethiopian Imperial Bodyguard Division.

Altogether, 3,158 Ethiopians served in Kagnew Battalions during the war.{{Cite book|title=Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/fireicekoreanwar00varh|url-access=limited|last=Varhola|first=Michael J.|year=2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireicekoreanwar00varh/page/n150 134]}}

Etymology

"Kagnew" (Amharic: Judge) was the name of Ras Makonnen's warhorse. Ras Makonnen (1852–1906) was one of Emperor Menelik II's generals during the First Italo-Ethiopian War and Haile Selassie's father.{{Cite book|title=To Acknowledge a War: The Korean War in American Memory|last=Edwards|first=Paul M.|year=2000|page=117}}

Background

File:Kagnew clergymen.jpg

At the outbreak of war in the Korean peninsula in 1950, the United Nations sent a plea to its member nations for military assistance. Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, an ardent supporter of collective security, pledged to dispatch an infantry battalion.

The Armed Forces of the Ethiopian Empire at that time consisted of the Imperial Bodyguard Division, three army divisions, a budding air force and a provincial/territorial/reserve army. The Imperial Bodyguard Division (Kebur Zabagna) was the most elite military force in the empire with responsibility for safeguarding the royal household and maintaining internal security. Therefore, the battalions destined to Korea were drawn mostly from the officers and men of the Imperial Bodyguard Division. They were then given intensive training in the mountains of Ethiopia for acclimatization.

Performance in the Korean War

File:Ethiopian soldiers Korea war.jpg

The Kagnews served with great distinction, principally alongside the 7th Infantry Division, and by all accounts (including the enemy's) acquitted themselves well in battle, suffering 121 dead and 536 wounded during the course of the conflict.

Image:Ethiopian soldiers Korea1951.JPG

One of the feats S. L. A. Marshall thought worth noting was an Ethiopian patrol at the Battle of Pork Chop Hill in 1953 when "...under full observation from enemy country, eight Ethiopians walked 800 yards across no-man's land and up the slope of T-Bone Hill right into the enemy trenches. When next we looked, the eight had become ten. The patrol was dragging back two Chinese prisoners, having snatched them from the embrace of the Communist battalion..."{{Cite book|title=Pork Chop Hill : the American fighting man in action Korea, Spring, 1953|last=Marshall, S. L. A.|date=1986|publisher=Battery Press|isbn=0898390907|location=Nashville|pages=164|oclc=13714497}}

British military historian John Keegan notes that the Ethiopian units drawn from the Imperial Guard ("an over-privileged and somewhat pampered force") fought with some distinction in Korea between 1951 and 1954, although performing less competently in the Congo (1960–64).{{Cite book|title=World armies|date=1979|publisher=Macmillan|others=Keegan, John, 1934-2012.|isbn=0333172361|location=London|oclc=5874355}}

At least nine Silver Star Medals and dozens of Bronze Star Medals were also awarded to the Ethiopians by the United States.{{Cite book|title=The Emperor's own : The History of the Ethiopian Imperial Bodyguard Battalion in the Korean War|last=Abebe, Dagmawi|isbn=9781912866311|location=Warwick, England|pages=76|oclc=1112377558|date = 2019-10-19}} Two members, Lieutenant Colonel Teshome Irgetu and 2nd Lt. Habtewold Mamo, were awarded the highest Ethiopian gallantry award, and became "Knights of the Order of Emperor Menelik II".

Post War

When the US established a military base in the newly-federated Eritrea in 1953, they renamed the base Kagnew Station in honor of the officers and men who served so admirably in Korea.

Kagnew's exploits have been covered in detail in Pork Chop Hill by S.L.A. Marshall. Commenting on the fighting dogma of the Ethiopians Marshall states, "Like Horatius at the bridge or the screaming eagles at Bastogne, it was a classic fight, ending in clean triumph over seemingly impossible odds". Pointing out that war correspondents who were drawn to the headline values of such operations as Little Switch the 163 war correspondents overlooked the equally interesting and unrivaled Ethiopian feats.[...]{{Cite book|title=Pork Chop Hill : the American fighting man in action Korea, Spring, 1953|last=Marshall, S. L. A.|date=1986|publisher=Battery Press|isbn=0898390907|location=Nashville|pages=163|oclc=13714497}}

File:Kagnew battalion Korea war memorial.jpg

When the Communist Junta of Mengistu Hailemariam came to power in 1974, it did everything to erase the "embarrassing" record of the Kagnew's service against the communists.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The Imperial Bodyguard Association has existed quietly since the division was dissolved by the Derg military junta and continues to celebrate the accomplishments of the officers and men not only of the Kagnew Battalion but of the Guard at large. It is currently under the leadership of Brigadier General Desta Gemeda (Ret.). The Korean War Veterans Association is under the leadership of Colonel Melesse Tessema (Ret.).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Publications

In 1954, Greek journalist Kimon Skordiles chronicled the exploits of the Ethiopian troops in his book Kagnew, the Story of the Ethiopian Fighters in Korea, even while his own countrymen were operating in the same theater of war. In 2008, the son of a Kagnew veteran translated that work into Amharic paying tribute to the officers and men of the three battalions, the Emperor who had the foresight to send them and authors S.L.A. Marshall and Kimon Skordiles for their efforts in ensuring that the feat of those that had served was not forgotten.

In 2019, Helion & Company published Emperor's Own: The History of the Ethiopian Imperial Bodyguard Battalion in the Korean War as part of their Asia@War series following the success of their Africa@War series. The book was distributed worldwide.

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20081225170405/http://www.geocities.com/lmak27455/Ethiopian_Korean_War_Veterans/help.html Ethiopian Korean War Veterans website]
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19639459 An Ethiopian hero of the Korean War, bbc.co.uk]
{{citation

| last = Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs

| author-link = Ministry of Patriots' and Veterans' Affairs (South Korea)

| year = 2012

| title = The Eternal Partnership: Ethiopia and Korea

| url = http://english.mpva.go.kr/upload/files/Ethiopia.pdf

| publisher = Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs

| location = Sejong City, South Korea

| access-date = 2014-08-22

}}