Kai Ho

{{Infobox person

| name = Sir Kai Ho

| image = Sir Sai Ho.jpg

| caption =

| birth_date = 21 March 1859

| birth_place = British Hong KongWiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Two. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. ISBN Volume Two 962-7283-60-6

| death_date = {{death date and age|1914|7|21|1859|3|21|df=y}}

| death_place = British Hong Kong

| education = University of Aberdeen

| occupation = translator, doctor, barrister

| spouse = Alice Walkden (1881–1884)
Lily Lai Yuk-hing (1885–1914)

| children = *1 daughter with Alice Walkden

10 sons and seven daughters with Lily Lai, including:[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzWs6_BUBPoC&q=%22Ho+Kai%22+barrister]. The life and times of Sir Kai Ho Kai, Gerald H. Choa
Ho Wing-ching
Ho Wing hang
Ho Wing-kin
Ho Wing-yuen
Ho Wing-lee
Ho Wing-on
Ho Wing-hong
Ho Wing-kam
Ho Wing-tak
Ho Wing-tse
Ho Sui-kam
Ho Bou-fong ({{zh|t=何寶芳|labels=no}})

| website =

| footnotes =

}}

{{Infobox Chinese

| showflag =

| c = 何啟

| p = Hé Qǐ

| j = Ho⁴ Kai²

| altname = Ho Shan-kai

| t2 = 何神啟

| p2 = Hé Shén Qǐ

| j2 = Ho⁴ San⁴ Kai²

}}

Sir Kai Ho {{Post-nominals|country=HKG|CMG|JP}} ({{zh|c=何啟}}; 21 March 1859 – 21 July 1914), better known as Sir Kai Ho Kai and born Ho Shan-kai ({{zh|c=何神啟|labels=no}}), was a Hong Kong barrister, physician and essayist in colonial Hong Kong. He played a key role in the relationship between the Hong Kong local community and the British colonial government. He is remembered as a supporter of the Reform Movement and as a teacher of Sun Yat-sen, who would become the founding father of the Republic of China. Hong Kong's former airport, Kai Tak Airport, was named after him as the land the airport sat on was reclaimed by Kai Tack Land Investment Company Limited, founded by him and Au Tak.

Early years

Kai Ho was the fourth son of {{Ill|Hoh Fuk-tong|zh|何福堂}} of the London Missionary Society, and the brother of Ho Miu-ling (wife of Wu Tingfang, Hong Kong's first Chinese barrister and first Chinese member of the Legislative Council, later Chinese consul-general to the US).{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

In 1872, at the age of 13, Ho was sent to the UK to study at Palmer House school in Margate, Kent. In September 1875, he registered at the University of Aberdeen. In 1879, he received his MBCM{{Clarify|reason=Is this a medical degree? This abbreviation is not commonly known and should be spelt out in full.|date=July 2024}} and went to St Thomas' Hospital to take up clinical training. He became the first Chinese qualified physician and graduated from Aberdeen University in the same year. He then studied law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1881.

Career

File:Ho Kai, Hong Kong Barrister.jpg

Ho returned to Hong Kong in early 1882, and embarked on changing the landscape of Hong Kong's colleges and universities. Chinese culture at that time placed heavy emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine, with Chinese people in the late 19th century being largely sceptical of Western medicine. Ho not only gained the people's acceptance, but also helped the British make possible a number of health-related establishments that otherwise would have been misunderstood by the public.{{Example needed|date=July 2024}}{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

In 1887, the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese was opened. He made it an initiative that Chinese medicine practitioners too could benefit from an institution that focused on Western medicine. This college later became the basis from which the University of Hong Kong was established in 1910. Throughout Ho's lifetime, he was a vocal supporter of Sun Yat-sen and his revolution to overthrow China's Manchu-led Qing dynasty. A prolific critic of the Self-Strengthening Movement, Ho advocated China to follow the British system in developing a constitutional monarchy.{{Cite journal| last1=Carroll | first1=John M. | date=2006 | title=Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place | journal=Modern Asian Studies | language=en | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=520 | issn=0026-749X | doi=10.1017/S0026749X06001958 | s2cid=145141051 }}

An example of Ho's support was his defence of the 1884 Praya rioters, which were dubiously charged by the colonial administration with the offence of refusing to accept work. The riots was an event that Sun said cemented his determination to bring about revolution.{{Cn|date=July 2024}} As a minority and unofficial member of the Legislative Council, he had effected limits{{Clarify|reason=What does 'effected limits' mean here?|date=July 2024}} to legislation that were discriminatory towards the Chinese. He criticised the proposed Summoning of Chinese Ordinance, Cap. 40 of 1899 as "class legislation" and succeeded, with Wei A Yuk ({{Zh|t=韋玉|labels=no}}), in limiting its effect to finite periods of two years at a time.{{Cite web |date=1899-12-21 |title=21ST DECEMBER, 1899. |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/1899-00/h991221.pdf |website=Legislative Council of Hong Kong}}

Yet, in 1888, in an effort to protect the property interests of the Chinese elite of which he was a leading member, he stiffly opposed the passing of the Public Health Ordinance, which would've proved a vital step in the development of Hong Kong's public hygiene.{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Hong Kong|last=Chan|first=Bruce A|title=The Story of my Childhood Home|volume=58|date=2018|place=Hong Kong}}

Ho was made a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George in 1902 and was knighted in 1912.London Gazette, 4 June 1912 at 4036.

In 1912, Ho went into a partnership with his son-in-law Au Tak. The project was named Kai Tak Bund, and was a land reclamation development project of houses and recreation grounds, but it later failed and was liquidated in 1924. The land was taken back by the government and later used by a flying school, then a flying club, then as an airfield for the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, and finally became what would be the world-famous Kai Tak International Airport.

Through his sister Ho Miu-ling, he was the uncle of Wu Chaoshu who served in the Republic China as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador to the US.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

= Additional roles =

Ho was a member of the Sanitary Board and a Justice of the Peace.{{Cn|date=July 2024}} In May 1895, he was temporarily appointed to the governing body of Queen's College.{{Cite web |date=1895-05-25 |title=THE HONGKONG GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 25TH MAY, 1895. |url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1895/642037.pdf |publisher=The Hong Kong Government Gazette}}

Ho was also a key player in many aspects of early Hong Kong development, including the 1894 Hong Kong plague,{{Clarify|reason=In what key role did Ho play in the plague?|date=July 2024}} the founding of Alice Memorial Hospital, and the founding of Po Leung Kuk.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

Personal life

In probably the first ever Anglo-Chinese marriage, Ho married Alice Walkden (3 February 1852 – 8 June 1884), the eldest daughter of John Walkden of Blackheath. The marriage took place on 13 December 1881 at St Aubyn's Congregational Church in Upper Norwood, London. The couple returned to Hong Kong after Ho's studies, and Walkden gave birth to a daughter. Walkden later died of typhoid fever in Hong Kong in 1884; the daughter was taken to England to be brought up by her relatives. The daughter died young and never married. Alice was English.{{cite book|author=John King Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800-1911, pt. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA282|year=1978|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22029-3|pages=282–}}{{cite book |editor=John Z. Bowers |editor2=Edith E. King |title=Academic medicine, present and future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EhrAAAAMAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1983|publisher=Rockefeller Archive Center|page=8|isbn=9780874700374 }}{{cite book|author=Suzanne Pepper|author-link=Suzanne Pepper|title=Keeping democracy at bay: Hong Kong and the challenge of Chinese political reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4226AAAAIAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-0877-4|page=68}}{{cite book|author=Colin N. Crisswell|title=The Taipans: Hong Kong's Merchant Princes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cGMAAAAIAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-19-580495-9|page=183}}{{cite book|author=Jerome B. Grieder|title=Intellectuals and the state in modern China: a narrative history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsRwAAAAMAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1981|publisher=Free Press|page=107|isbn=9780029128107}}{{cite book|title=British Medical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdI9AQAAMAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1912|publisher=British Medical Association|page=630}}{{cite book|author=Brian Harrison|title=Waiting for China: The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818-1843, and Early Nineteenth-Century Missions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ-fAAAAMAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1979|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-011-8|page=194}}{{cite book|author=John Z. Bowers|title=Western medicine in a Chinese palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj5rAAAAMAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1972|publisher=The Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation|page=21|isbn=9780598138293}}{{cite book|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hong Kong Branch|title=Hong Kong: the interaction of traditions and life in the towns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adOGAAAAIAAJ&q=ho+law+degrees+english+wife+hong+kong|year=1975|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Hong Kong Branch|page=83}}{{Excessive citations inline|date=July 2024}}

Kai Ho later married Lily Lai Yuk-hing ({{Died in|1945}}). The couple had 17 children.[http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4400834.pdf. Book Review][http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1556065/forgotten-knight-sir-kai-ho-kai A forgotten knight], SCMP, 20 July 2014

Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital is named for his wife Alice and his sister Ho Miu-ling.

Death

Ho died in 1914 and was buried at Hong Kong Happy Valley Cemetery near his first wife Alice.{{Cn|date=July 2024}} Due to the failure of his various business projects and ill health, he died heavily in debt without a will, leaving his family destitute.