Login
Login

Kaitag language

{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia}}

{{Distinguish|text=with the Kajtak dialect of Judeo-Tat}}

{{Cleanup lang|date=January 2025|iso=xdq}}{{Infobox language

| name = Kaitag

| nativename = {{lang|xdq|хайдакьан кув}}

| states = North Caucasus

| region = Dagestan

| speakers = approx. 30,000

| date = 2020

| ref = e25

| familycolor = Caucasian

| fam1 = Northeast Caucasian

| fam2 = Dargin

| glotto = kajt1238

| glottorefname = Kajtak

| iso3 = xdq

| ethnicity = Kaitags

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ]}}
{{IPA|[χajdaq’la]}}

| dia1 = Upper Kaitag

| fam3 = Kaitag group

| dia2 = Lower Kaitag

| dia3 = Shari (may be a separate language)

| altname = Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan

| script = Cyrillic script

| mapcaption = {{legend|#ffed00|Kaitag}}

| map = Dargwa_map_%28Koryakov%29_2021.png

| imagecaption = A speaker of Kaitag.

| image = The Kaitag language, casually spoken - Magomed speaking Kaitag - Wikitongues.webm

}}

Kaitag (Kaitag: {{Lang|xdq|Хайдакьан кув}} {{IPA|xdq|χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ|}}; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It has sometimes been considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa due to it being part of the Dargin dialect continuum. The Routledge Ethnographic Handbook (2017) divided Kaitag into two dialects: northern (Magalis-Kaitak) and southern (Karakaitak).Ronald Wixman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook], Routledge, 28 Jul 2017, p.89 Recent results of the Association of the Russian Sociolinguists (2021) further developed it into three dialects: Lower Kaitag, Upper Kaitag and Shari, the latter of which may be a separate but closely related language.{{Cite journal |last=Муталов |first=Расул Османович |date=2021-03-07 |title=КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ДАРГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ДИАЛЕКТОВ |url=https://sociolinguistics.ru/index.php/sociolinguistics/article/view/140 |journal=Sociolingvistika |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=8–25 |doi=10.37892/2713-2951-3-7-8-25 |issn=2713-2951|doi-access=free }}

Dialects

The languages consists of eight varieties, forming three dialects. Each of the Upper varieties corresponds to a historical province of the region.{{Cite book|last=Temirbulatova|first=Sapiyahanum|title=Kaitag dialect of Dargwa|publisher=Dagestani State University|year=2006|location=Makhachkala|pages=5–22}}

  • Upper Kaitag – Хъар Хайдакь (south-west).
  • Shurkkant – "The Cliff Dwellers" – Шурккант.
  • Qattagan – "The Gorge Dwellers" – Къаттагне.
  • Irchamul – "The Land of Nine" – Ирчӏамул.
  • Lower Kaitag – Ххьар Хайдакь.
  • Barshamai – Баршамаӏъган.
  • Karatsan – Гъаӏрцӏнила.
  • Jibahni – Чӏивгьаӏн.
  • Sanchi – Сунклан.
  • Shari – Шаӏръи.

Phonology

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

!

!Front

!Back

close

|

| {{IPA link|u}}

near-close

| {{IPA link|ɪ}}

|

open-mid

| {{IPA link|ɛ}}

|

near-open

| {{IPA link|æ}}

|

open

|

| {{IPA link|ɑ}}

= Consonants =

Consonants form by series of voiced, aspirated, fortis, ejective, and labialized variants. The palatal fricative [ç] might be the voiceless post-palatal fricative, which can be more precisely transcribed as [ç̠] or [x̟].{{Cite book|last=Temirbulatova|first=Sapiyahanum|title=Kaitag dialect of Dargwa|publisher=Dagestani State University|year=2006|location=Makhachkala|pages=26–30}}

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Bilabial

! rowspan="2" |Dental

! colspan="2" |Alveolar

! colspan="2" |Palatal

! colspan="2" |Velar

! colspan="2" |Uvular

! colspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!labialized

!plain

!labialized

!plain

!labialized

!plain

!labialized

!plain

!labialized

colspan="2" |Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

rowspan="4" |Plosive

!voiced

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

|

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|g}}

| {{IPA link|gʷ}}

|

|

| rowspan="4" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}

|

aspirated

| {{IPA link|pʰ}}

| {{IPA link|tʰ}}

|

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|kʰ}}

| {{IPA link|kʷʰ}}

| {{IPA link|qʰ}}

| {{IPA link|qʷʰ}}

|

fortis

| {{IPA link|pː}}

| {{IPA link|tː}}

|

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|kː}}

| {{IPA link|kʷː}}

| {{IPA link|qː}}

| {{IPA link|qʷː}}

|

ejective

| {{IPA link|pʼ}}

| {{IPA link|tʼ}}

|

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|kʼ}}

| {{IPA link|kʷʼ}}

| {{IPA link|qʼ}}

| {{IPA link|qʷʼ}}

|

rowspan="3" |Affricate

!aspirated

|

|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʷʰ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

fortis

|

|{{IPA link|t͡sː}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃː}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʷː}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

ejective

|

|{{IPA link|t͡sʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʷʼ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

rowspan="3" |Fricative

!voiced

| {{IPA link|β}}

|{{IPA link|z}}

| {{IPA link|ʒ}}

| {{IPA link|ʒʷ}}

|

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|ʁ}}

| {{IPA link|ʁʷ}}

|

|

plain

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|ʃ}}

| {{IPA link|ʃʷ}}

| {{IPA link|ç}}

| {{IPA link|çʷ}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|χ}}

| {{IPA link|χʷ}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

|{{IPA link|hʷ}}

fortis

|

|{{IPA link|sː}}

| {{IPA link|ʃː}}

| {{IPA link|ʃʷː}}

| {{IPA link|çː}}

| {{IPA link|çʷː}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|χː}}

| {{IPA link|χʷː}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

Alphabet

The Kaitag language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|а

{{IPAblink|ɑ}}~{{IPAblink|a}}

|аӏ

{{IPAblink|æ}}

|б

{{IPAblink|b}}

|в

{{IPAblink|β}}

|г

{{IPAblink|g}}

|гв

{{IPAblink|gʷ}}

|гъ

{{IPAblink|ʁ}}

|гъв

{{IPAblink|ʁʷ}}

|гь

{{IPAblink|h}}

|гьв

{{IPAblink|hʷ}}

|д

{{IPAblink|d}}

|е

{{IPAblink|ɛ}}~{{IPAblink|e}}

|ж

{{IPAblink|ʒ}}

|жв

{{IPAblink|ʒʷ}}

|з

{{IPAblink|z}}

|и

{{IPAblink|ɪ}}~{{IPAblink|i}}

|й

{{IPAblink|j}}

к

{{IPAblink|kʰ}}

|кв

{{IPAblink|kʷʰ}}

|кк

{{IPAblink|kː}}

|ккв

{{IPAblink|kʷː}}

|кӏ

{{IPAblink|kʼ}}

|кӏв

{{IPAblink|kʷʼ}}

|хъ

{{IPAblink|qʰ}}

|хъв

{{IPAblink|qʷʰ}}

|къ

{{IPAblink|qː}}

|къв

{{IPAblink|qʷː}}

|кь

{{IPAblink|qʼ}}

|кь

{{IPAblink|qʷʼ}}

|л

{{IPAblink|l}}

|м

{{IPAblink|m}}

|н

{{IPAblink|n}}

|п

{{IPAblink|pʰ}}

|пп

{{IPAblink|pː}}

пӏ

{{IPAblink|pʼ}}

|с

{{IPAblink|s}}

|сс

{{IPAblink|sː}}

|т

{{IPAblink|tʰ}}

|тт

{{IPAblink|tː}}

|тӏ

{{IPAblink|tʼ}}

|у

{{IPAblink|u}}

|х

{{IPAblink|χ}}

|хв

{{IPAblink|χʷ}}

|хх

{{IPAblink|χː}}

|ххв

{{IPAblink|χʷː}}

|хь

{{IPAblink|ç}}

|хьв

{{IPAblink|çʷ}}

|ххь

{{IPAblink|çː}}

|ххьв

{{IPAblink|çʷː}}

|ц

{{IPAblink|t͡sʰ}}

|цц

{{IPAblink|t͡sː}}

цӏ

{{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}

|ч

{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʰ}}

|чв

{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʷʰ}}

|чч

{{IPAblink|t͡ʃː}}

|ччв

{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʷː}}

|чӏ

{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}}

|чӏв

{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʷʼ}}

|ш

{{IPAblink|ʃ}}

|шв

{{IPAblink|ʃʷ}}

|шш

{{IPAblink|ʃː}}

|шшв

{{IPAblink|ʃʷː}}

|ъ

{{IPAblink|ʔ}}

|

|

|

|

|

Lexicon

Most of Kaitag's vocabulary stems from proto-Northeast-Caucasian roots. Like with other languages of Dagestan, there is a considerable number of Arabic, Iranian, Turkic and recently Russian loanwords.

class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

|+Swadesh list for Kaitag

! i="No" | No.

! c="en" | English

!c=01| Kaitag

i=No| 1

|c=en| I

|c=01| ду {{IPA|xdq|du

}

|-

|i=No| 2

|c=en| you (singular)

|c=01| и {{IPA|xdq|(ʔ)ɪ|}}

|-

|i=No| 3

|c=en| he

|c=01| гье {{IPA|xdq|hɛ|}}

|-

|i=No| 4

|c=en| we

|c=01| нисса {{IPA|xdq|nisːɑ|}} (excl.), ниххьва {{IPA|xdq|niçʷːɑ|}} (incl.)

|-

|i=No| 5

|c=en| you (plural)

|c=01| нишша {{IPA|xdq|niʃːɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 6

|c=en| they

|c=01| гьетти {{IPA|xdq|hetːɪ|}}

|-

|i=No| 7

|c=en| this

|c=01| гьеж {{IPA|xdq|hɛʒ|}}

|-

|i=No| 8

|c=en| that

|c=01| гьет {{IPA|xdq|hɛtʰ|}}

|-

|i=No| 9

|c=en| here

|c=01| гьежин {{IPA|xdq|hɛʒɪn|}}

|-

|i=No| 10

|c=en| there

|c=01| гьетин {{IPA|xdq|hɛtʰɪn|}}

|-

|i=No| 11

|c=en| who

|c=01| ча {{IPA|xdq|t͡ʃʰɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 12

|c=en| what

|c=01| ци {{IPA|xdq|t͡sʰɪ|}}

|-

|i=No| 13

|c=en| where

|c=01| квацци {{IPA|xdq|kʷʰɑt͡sːɪ|}}

|-

|i=No| 14

|c=en| when

|c=01| цикъел {{IPA|xdq|t͡sʰɪqːɛl|}}

|-

|i=No| 15

|c=en| how

|c=01| цигле {{IPA|xdq|t͡sʰɪglɛ|}}

|-

|i=No| 16

|c=en| not

|c=01| аккву {{IPA|xdq|ɑkʷːu|}} (n.), а(й)- {{IPA|xdq|ɑ(j)-|}} (v.)

|-

|i=No| 17

|c=en| all

|c=01| сукке {{IPA|xdq|sukːɛ|}}

|-

|i=No| 18

|c=en| many

|c=01| дахъ {{IPA|xdq|dɑqʰ|}}

|-

|i=No| 19

|c=en| some

|c=01| чумилра {{IPA|xdq|t͡ʃʰumɪlrɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 20

|c=en| few

|c=01| кам {{IPA|xdq|kʰɑm|}}

|-

|i=No| 21

|c=en| other

|c=01| дикӏар {{IPA|xdq|dɪkʼɑr|}}

|-

|i=No| 22

|c=en| one

|c=01| ца {{IPA|xdq|t͡sʰɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 23

|c=en| two

|c=01| чӏве {{IPA|xdq|t͡ʃʷʼɛ|}}

|-

|i=No| 24

|c=en| three

|c=01| аӏв {{IPA|xdq|æβ|}}

|-

|i=No| 25

|c=en| four

|c=01| угъ {{IPA|xdq|uʁ|}}

|-

|i=No| 26

|c=en| five

|c=01| шве {{IPA|xdq|ʃʷɛ|}}

|-

|i=No| 27

|c=en| big

|c=01| хвала {{IPA|xdq|χʷɑlɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 28

|c=en| long

|c=01| ухъен {{IPA|xdq|uqʰɛn|}}

|-

|i=No| 29

|c=en| wide

|c=01| баӏъу {{IPA|xdq|bæʔu|}}

|-

|i=No| 30

|c=en| thick

|c=01| буцц {{IPA|xdq|but͡sː|}}

|-

|i=No| 31

|c=en| heavy

|c=01| декӏ {{IPA|xdq|dɛkʼ|}}

|-

|i=No| 32

|c=en| small

|c=01| никӏва {{IPA|xdq|nɪkʷʼɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 33

|c=en| short

|c=01| кутӏ {{IPA|xdq|kutʼ|}}

|-

|i=No| 34

|c=en| narrow

|c=01| гъваӏрцӏ {{IPA|xdq|ʁʷærcʼ|}}

|-

|i=No| 35

|c=en| thin

|c=01| букӏал {{IPA|xdq|bukʼɑl|}}

|-

|i=No| 36

|c=en| woman

|c=01| ххьулум {{IPA|xdq|çːulum|}}

|-

|i=No| 37

|c=en| man (adult male)

|c=01| мургул {{IPA|xdq|murgul|}}

|-

|i=No| 38

|c=en| man (human being)

|c=01| мейдам {{IPA|xdq|mɛjdɑm|}}

|-

|i=No| 39

|c=en| child

|c=01| даӏргьаӏ {{IPA|xdq|dærhæ|}}

|-

|i=No| 40

|c=en| wife

|c=01| ххьади {{IPA|xdq|çːɑdɪ|}}

|-

|i=No| 41

|c=en| husband

|c=01| сув {{IPA|xdq|suβ|}}

|-

|i=No| 42

|c=en| mother

|c=01| уба {{IPA|xdq|ubɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 43

|c=en| father

|c=01| атта {{IPA|xdq|ɑtːɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 44

|c=en| animal

|c=01| мицӏираг {{IPA|xdq|mɪcʼɪrɑg|}}

|-

|i=No| 45

|c=en| fish

|c=01| кӏас {{IPA|xdq|kʼɑs|}}

|-

|i=No| 46

|c=en| bird

|c=01| ахьлиъаӏн {{IPA|xdq|ɑçlɪʔæn|}}

|-

|i=No| 47

|c=en| dog

|c=01| ххваӏ {{IPA|xdq|χʷːæ|}}

|-

|i=No| 48

|c=en| louse

|c=01| нез {{IPA|xdq|nɛz|}}

|-

|i=No| 49

|c=en| snake

|c=01| цӏецӏи {{IPA|xdq|cʼɛcʼɪ|}}

|-

|i=No| 50

|c=en| worm

|c=01| милкъваӏ {{IPA|xdq|mɪlqʷːæ|}}

|-

|i=No| 51

|c=en| tree

|c=01| ккалкка {{IPA|xdq|kːɑlkːɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 52

|c=en| forest

|c=01| дуцца {{IPA|xdq|dut͡sːɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 53

|c=en| stick

|c=01| миргъаӏ {{IPA|xdq|mɪrʁæ|}}

|-

|i=No| 54

|c=en| fruit

|c=01| удар {{IPA|xdq|udɑr|}}

|-

|i=No| 55

|c=en| seed

|c=01| шва {{IPA|xdq|ʃʷɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 56

|c=en| leaf

|c=01| кӏаппар {{IPA|xdq|kʼɑpːɑr|}}

|-

|i=No| 57

|c=en| root

|c=01| йамппа {{IPA|xdq|jɑmpːɑ|}}

|-

|i=No| 58

|c=en| bark (of a tree)

|c=01| кам {{IPA|xdq|kɑm|}}

|-

|i=No| 59

|c=en| flower

|c=01| жуже {{IPA|xdq|ʒuʒɛ|}}

|-

|i=No| 60

|c=en| grass

|c=01| кьар {{IPA|xdq|qʼɑr|}}

|}

References

{{reflist}}

External links

  • [https://www.mekegi.com/dictionary/dialect/ktg/ Kaytag dictionary]

{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}

{{Languages of the Caucasus}}

Category:Northeast Caucasian languages