Kalabagh Dam

After the construction of Tarbela Dam and Mangla Dam, Kalabagh became the highest priority dam project.{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1068770|title=DAWN - Editorial; February 24, 2006|date=2006-02-24|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en-US}} In 1979, the government obtained a grant of $25 million from the UNDP for its preparation, detailed design and feasibility. Pakistan first approached the Soviet Union for financing assistance, but due to strained relations with Afghanistan (a Soviet ally), this request was denied. The government then approached the World Bank, which agreed to finance the project. At this point in Pakistan's history, previous dam projects such as Mangla (under Ayub Khan) and Tarbela (under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) never faced any opposition.{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/637658|title=Kalabagh dam – another view|date=2011-06-18|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-US}} Even Kalabagh was approved by the Central Development Working Party, without dissent.

The issue of Kalabagh started to become politicized after the execution of the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a highly popular leader from the downstream province of Sindh. Adding to the controversy, was the feud between Zia-ul-Haq and his own NWFP governor Fazl e Haq, which eventually dragged in the Awami National Party into the opposing camp. Due to certain violations of the Indus Accord by the Punjab province, reservations in Sindh grew against the project, whose population and political leaders now painted it as a conspiracy.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

Despite the political roadblocks, the World Bank and foreign consultants continued their work on Kalabagh, over a period of ten years, up to 1986 when the project was finally put on hold.{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-Sep-2011/who-stopped-kalabagh-dam|title=Who stopped Kalabagh Dam?|date=2011-09-30|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-US}} The suspicions of the Sindhis grew after Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed in favor of Nawaz Sharif (from Punjab).There is debate on whether Benazir favored the Kalabagh project.{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/468925/benazir-bhutto-was-against-kalabagh-dam-sharjeel/|title=Benazir Bhutto was against Kalabagh Dam: Sharjeel {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=2012-11-21|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en-US}} Pir Pagar has claimed the dam was originally conceived by her father, and that Benazir had allocated funds for it. Others like Sharjeel Memon have claimed Benazir was against its construction.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

In December 2004, Pervez Musharraf announced that he would re-initiate the Kalabagh project to serve the larger interest of Pakistan. However, on 26 May 2008, the Federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan, Raja Pervez Ashraf, said that the "Kalabagh Dam would not be constructed" and that the project had been cancelled due to "opposition from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and other stakeholders, the project was no longer feasible".[https://www.nation.com.pk/27-May-2008/kalabagh-dam-shelved-forever Kalabagh Dam shelved forever] . Nation.com.pk (27 May 2008). Retrieved 6 June 2012. In 2010 after the worst floods in Pakistani history, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gilani, stated flood damage would be minimized if the Kalabagh Dam were built.[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\08\10\story_10-8-2010_pg1_3 Leading News Resource of Pakistan]. Daily Times (10 August 2010). Retrieved 6 June 2012.

A study funded by National University of Science and Technology in 2014, concluded that building Kaalabagh would offer the following benefits: (1) Annual savings of $4 billion in energy costs (2) Saving Rs. 132 billion due to irrigation benefits and (3) Prevent flood-loss damage, such as the $45 billion loss suffered in recent floods at the time the study was published.{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Muhammad|last2=Jamil|first2=S.M.|last3=Ali|first3=L|last4=Akhtar|first4=Kiran|last5=Javaid|first5=Muhammad|date=1 January 2014|title=Feasibility study of Kalabagh dam Pakistan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287088604|journal=Life Science Journal|volume=11|pages=458–470|access-date=22 June 2018|via=ResearchGate}} The study estimated that the overall benefits of Kalabagh would provide 87 million dollars every year, and thus the cost of construction would be repaid within 8–9 years. Moreover, according to the study, the negative consequences of not building Kalabagh are as follows: (1) Economic destabilization due to food shortage, (2) "Serious drop" in agricultural production, (3) Rise in inter-provincial disputes over water, (4) Additional cost of importing energy, (5) Prohibitive cost of electricity for the average consumer and (6) Effects on industry and agriculture due to rising electricity costs.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

Bashir A. Malik, former chief technical advisor to the United Nations and World Bank, said, "Sindh and Pakhtunkhwah would become drought areas in the years to come if Kalabagh Dam was not built."{{cite news|last=Malik|first=Bashir|title=India behind Kalabagh Dam opposition: water expert |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-71776-India-behind-Kalabagh-Dam-opposition-water-expert |access-date=11 July 2012|newspaper=The News International|date=10 October 2011}} At the same time, former KP Chief Minister Shamsul Mulk has stated that the "Kalabagh Dam would be helpful in erasing poverty from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, as it would irrigate 800,000 acres of cultivable land that is located 100–150 feet above the level of River Indus."{{cite news|last=Mulk|first=Shamsul|title=Need for early construction of Kalabagh Dam stressed|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-3-109617-Need-for-early-construction-of-Kalabagh-Dam-stressed|access-date=11 July 2012|newspaper=The News International|date=22 May 2012}} The Kalabagh Dam would provide 6.5 million acre feet of water to cultivate seven million acres of currently barren land in addition to the {{convert|3,600|MW}} of electricity it would provide.{{cite news|title=Need for Kalabagh Dam|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/19-Jan-2012/need-for-kalabagh-dam|access-date=11 July 2012|newspaper=The Nation|date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127041407/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/editorials/19-Jan-2012/need-for-kalabagh-dam|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live}} In response to the push towards side-lining Kalabagh altogether in favour of the rival Basha Dam project, Engineer Anwer Khurshid stated that "Basha Dam is no substitute for Kalabagh Dam, not because of its altitude, which is high enough, but because no irrigation canals can be taken out from it because of the hilly terrain."{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/01-Jul-2012/cci-approves-kalabagh-dam?show=744|title=CCI approves Kalabagh Dam|last=ANWER|first=KHURSHID|date=1 July 2012|newspaper=The Nation|access-date=11 July 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://fact.com.pk/archives/janur06/kalabagh.htm|title=Fact Urdu : : : : Kala Bagh Dam|website=fact.com.pk|access-date=22 June 2018}}

Experts who supported the construction of the Kalabagh Dam at the 2012 "Save Water Save Pakistan" Forum included: Dr Salman Shah, former Finance Minister of Pakistan; Abdul Majeed Khan, TECH Society president; Shafqat Masood, former IRSA chairman; Qayyum Nizami, former Minister of State; Prof Abdul Qayyum Qureshi, former Vice-Chancellor of Islamia University, Bahawalpur; Dr Muhammad Sadiq, agricultural scientist; M Saeed Khan, former GM of Kalabagh Dam Project; Engr. Mahmudur Rehman Chughtai, Mansoor Ahmed, former MD of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Foundation, M. Zubair Sheikh and Jameel Gishkori, among others.{{cite news|title=Experts for construction of dams|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-101220-Experts-for-construction-of-dams|access-date=11 July 2012|newspaper=The News International|date=5 April 2012}} The participants of Save Water Save Pakistan demanded the construction of five dams, including the Munda Dam, Kurram Tangi Dam, Akhori Dam and the Kalabagh Dam, at by 2025 at the latest to store water and generate electricity to meet demand.{{Cite web | url=https://www.dailytimes.com.pk/33914/kalabagh-dam-the-facts/amp/ | title=Kalabagh Dam - the Facts | date=20 January 2017 }}

Initially when the project was being conceived, engineering studies conducted by an independent Panel of Experts were also constituted by the World Bank, to progressively review the consultants work and to advise them.{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2003/issue40/i%26e3.php|title=THE ISSUE OF KALABAGH DAM?|website=www.pakistaneconomist.com|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020074446/http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2003/issue40/i%26e3.php|url-status=dead}} Members of this panel were eminent world experts and were drawn from different countries. Additional specialists were invited for giving their views on selected topics, where needed. An independent review panel was also constituted by the Government of Pakistan, consisting of eminent Pakistani engineers to review the Project Planning Report. Among them were Manzoor Ahmed Sheikh, Asghar Ali Abidi and Shah Nawaz Khan. This panel also agreed with the conclusions of the Report and supported its recommendations.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

Kalabagh dam is opposed by major political parties of Sindh and Kyber Pakhtunkhwah such as PTI, ANP, JUI(F) and PPP.{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213447|title=Jamaat declares Kalabagh dam 'very dangerous'|first=Bureau|last=Report|date=16 October 2015|access-date=22 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/12/10/national/kp-assembly-likely-to-pass-anti-kbd-resolution-sans-hiccups/|title=KP Assembly likely to pass anti-KBD resolution sans hiccups|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|access-date=22 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/12/11/national/dead-kbd-horse-cannot-be-given-life-says-kp-minister/|title='Dead KBD horse' cannot be given life, says KP minister|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|access-date=22 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://members.shaw.ca/saveindus/Save_Indus/WSI_Condemns.html|title=Shaw Communications|website=members.shaw.ca|access-date=22 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/12/08/national/sindh-assembly-rejects-lhcs-kalabagh-dam-ruling/|title=Sindh Assembly rejects LHC's Kalabagh Dam ruling|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|access-date=22 June 2018}} The government from time to time tries to form a consensus on the issue.{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/926032/controversial-topic-all-parties-urged-to-agree-on-kalabagh-dam/|title=Controversial topic: All parties urged to agree on Kalabagh dam - The Express Tribune|date=25 July 2015|access-date=22 June 2018}} The former leader of the opposition in the National Assembly Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah showed objection to the site of Kalabagh Dam and said it is a threat to small provinces.{{cite news|last1=INP|title=Kalabagh Dam a threat to small provinces, says Khurshid Shah|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/10/14/city/islamabad/kalabagh-dam-a-threat-to-small-provinces-says-khurshid-shah/|access-date=29 March 2016|agency=Pakistan Today|date=14 October 2015}} The former Chief Minister of KPK Pervez Khattak said that the KBD is against the interests of KP.{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/19-Dec-2015/khattak-says-kalabagh-dam-against-kp-interest|title=Khattak says Kalabagh Dam against KP interest - Daily Times|date=18 December 2015|access-date=22 June 2018}} Awami National Party has opposed the construction and site of KBD.{{cite web|url=http://awaminationalparty.org/main/?page_id=4965|title=Pukhtunkhwa's Case Against Kalabagh Dam – Awami National Party|website=awaminationalparty.org|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225224103/http://awaminationalparty.org/main/?page_id=4965|archive-date=25 December 2015|url-status=dead}} Sustainable Development Policy Institute, an NGO, published a case study on Kalabagh dam in 1999, mainly arguing against the environmental and displacement impact of building large dams.https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/W48-The%20Case%20Against%20Kalabagh%20Dam.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}} Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) former chief Altaf Hussain conditionally supported the Kalabagh dam and said that government should address the reservations of Sindhis before its construction{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/06/25/national/mqms-up-for-kalabagh-dam-are-you/|title=MQM's up for Kalabagh Dam! Are you?|date=25 June 2015|access-date=29 March 2016|agency=Pakistan Today}}{{Cite web |url=http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2040/1/1959.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409101208/http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2040/1/1959.htm |archive-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/06/24/construction-of-kala-bagh-dam-is-the-need-of-hour-altaf-hussain/|title=Construction of Kala Bagh Dam is the need of hour: Altaf Hussain|date=24 June 2015|access-date=29 March 2016|publisher=The News Tribe © Copyright 2016, All Rights Reserved|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409172444/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/06/24/construction-of-kala-bagh-dam-is-the-need-of-hour-altaf-hussain/|url-status=dead}}http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/1_V28_1_2013.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}

Sindh is opposing Kalabagh Dam over River Indus because the province is located at the end and its entire economy and water needs depend on the flow of the River Indus. Sindhi people fear that the Kalabagh Dam would further reduce the water flow in Indus as according to the proposed design two irrigation canals would be constructed along with the Dam. This would result in almost no water flow downstream Kotri Barrage on Indus.{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329389575 |title=Indus Flow Downstream Kotri Barrage : Need Or Wastage? |date=December 2018 |publisher=SZABIST Center for Information and Research, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |author=Sikander Brohi |via=ResearchGate}}

Moreover, the famous Kalabagh Dam commission led by A.G.N Kazi set up by former Military dictator General Pervaiz Musharraf had also opposed the construction of the dam because water is not available in Indus for most of the time. The Kazi Commission has also endorsed the IUCN estimates that the annual requirements for outflow of Indus water to sea for environmental sustenance to be 27 million acre feet (MAF).{{cite web | url=https://saveindusriver.com/2018/09/10/kalabagh-dam-look-before-your-leap/ | title=Kalabagh Dam: Look Before Your Leap | date=11 September 2018 }}

Sea intrusion due to a reduction in river water below Kotri Barrage has destroyed Indus Delta. According to estimates sea intrusion has caused loss of 2.3 million acres of agricultural land.{{cite web | url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/climate/pakistans-indus-delta/ | title=Pakistan's Indus delta becoming no man's land | date=29 July 2019 }}

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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• [http://scci.net.pk/pdetail.php?eid=302&mid=33 Sheikhupura Chamber of Commerce: The Behavior of some {{sic|nolink=y|Beaurocracy}} Towards National Problems by Muzaffar Hameed, June 2010 ]
• [http://dawn.com/news/771633/kalabagh-the-other-view Dawn news: Kalabagh: the other view, Published 16 December 2012]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20030911181320/http://www.sanalist.org/kalabagh/a-14.htm The KalaBagh Controversy by Dr. Shaheen Rafi Khan]
• [https://archive.today/20091026052131/http://www.geocities.com/khyber007/kalab1.html Kalabagh Dam: An ecological Disaster by Abrar Kazi]
• [http://mianwalinews.wordpress.com/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA-%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85/ Kalabagh Dam (Mianwali News)] {{in lang|ur}}

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