Kalapuyan languages

Kalapuyan consists of

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• Kalapuyan
• Northern Kalapuya {{extinct}} (also known as Tualatin–Yamhill)
• Central Kalapuya {{extinct}} (several dialects, including Santiam)
• Yoncalla {{extinct}} (also known as Southern Kalapuya)

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Image:Wilhamut.1.JPG in Eugene, Oregon; this one is next to the Willamette River: Whilamut (meaning, Where the river ripples and runs fast)]]

Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an Oregon Penutian branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan.Sapir, E. (1921). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1263181 A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem.] International Journal of American Linguistics, 2(1/2), 58-67. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family.Frachtenberg, L. (1918).

[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262825 Comparative Studies in Takelman, Kalapuyan and Chinookan Lexicography, a Preliminary Paper]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1(2), 175-182.Swadesh, M. (1965).

[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1263898 Kalapuya and Takelma]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31(3), 237-240.Shipley, W. (1969). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264690 Proto-Takelman]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35(3), 226-230.Kendall, D. (1997). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265863 The Takelma Verb: Toward Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 1-17. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998)cited in: Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America, pp. 432-433. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.

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{{Infobox proto-language|name=Proto-Kalapuyan|target=Kalapuyan_languages|familycolor=hokan}}

Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):Shipley, William. 1970. Proto-Kalapuyan. In Swanson, Jr., Earl H. (ed.), Languages and Cultures of Western North America, 97-106. Pocatello: Idaho State University Press.

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{{reflist}}

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-048774-9}}.
• {{cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Melville|title=Kalapuya Texts|date=1945|publisher=University of Washington|series=University of Washington Publications in Anthropology|volume=11|location=Seattle}}
• Paul Stephen McCartney Sr. "The Kalapuya Dictionary", 2021 Komemma Cultural Protection Association, Yoncalla, Oregon. Published in four volumes; (2 English-Kalapuya; 2 Kalapuya- English) www.gofundme.com f help-us-print-the-kalapuya-dictionary.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions}}

• [https://www.sfu.ca/nwjl/Articles/V001_N02/Banks.html The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya] (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)

{{Penutian languages}}

{{Oregon Native History}}

{{Language families}}

{{North American languages}}

Category:Language families

Category:Kalapuya

Category:Penutian languages

Category:Indigenous languages of Oregon

Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast

Category:Languages of the United States

Category:Extinct languages of North America

Category:Native American history of Oregon

Category:Willamette Valley